A Biology Post

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A Biology Post.

BIOL 1406 Lab Reports, Lab Notebook Guidelines

 

Students must have a lab text book and a lab notebook to record notes and daily lab activities. A three ring binder is recommended to keep notes and materials together and organized. Your lab instructor will give more information about this.

 

Every entry in your notebook should include a statement of purpose that includes terminology, test method, experiment data, observations and conclusions (what you learned) from each activity in the exercises. Conclusions should address each of the questions or objectives listed in the purpose for the activity.

 

Your instructor will identify the activities to be covered for each exercise. It is available online at the eCampus community “NLC-BIOLOGY-LAB”.

The NLC Academics Skills Center and NLC Writing Lab (L240) is also available to assist with writing lab reports. Remember, The NLC Science Learning Center (P333) for learning resources and tutoring!

 

Three Formal Lab Reports (25 points each) on the following topics :

LR 1 – Lab 3: Carbon Chemistry- Exercise 3.2, Known and Unknown Testing

LR 2 – Lab 7: Enzymes- Exercise 7.3 A or B, Effect of Temperature or pH

LR 3 – Lab 9: Photosynthesis- Exercise 9.2, Necessity of Light

 

Each lab report will (must) consist of the following components for each activity:

Exercise # and Title of experiment

 

Introduction

 

Purpose

Identify the exercise objectives / questions to be answered by the activity and define any necessary terms. Include your hypothesis in this section.

 

Hypothesis

Should be worded as an “…if…….then….” statement based on the question your experiment was designed to answer. It should be easy to prove wrong. (Ex: “I expect that if yeast is given sugar, then more carbon dioxide will be produced.”)

 

Materials & Methods

Materials

What did you use to conduct the experiment? Include equipment, glassware, reagents etc. used.

Test Method

How is the experiment done?

Describe in detail how you set up the activity.

DO NOT COPY FROM THE LAB MANUAL.

 

Procedure / steps

Step by step instructions should be included in the Materials and Methods section.

 

Results

Observations

What happened during the exercise?

Data collected in neat table format.

Any graphs or photos of experimental results should be included here.

What were the results, what did you see?

Discuss your observations.

 

Discussion

 

Conclusion(s)

How do the observations answer the questions and objectives that have been identified in the purpose? Include a direct answer to your hypothesis. What was learned as a result of the lab exercise?

 

Errors / Suggestions

If your results are unexpected, identify any possible sources of errors and your suggestions to avoid errors and/or improve the experiment.

 

References

 

Any references used should be cited appropriately.

 

Exercises are to be completed accurately at the time specified by the instructor. Any points deducted will be determined by the instructor and the grading rubric. Absolutely no plagiarism will be tolerated . Everything must be in your original words, not copied from the book or another student. Reports should be written independently despite being conducted in a group. Any plagiarism will result in a Zero.

A Biology Post

 
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The Smaller Unit Molecules (Monomers) Which Combine To Form Proteins And Polypeptides Are Called

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The Smaller Unit Molecules (Monomers) Which Combine To Form Proteins And Polypeptides Are Called. 1. A testable explanation of a broad range of related phenomena that is relied upon by scientists with a high degree of confidence is referred to as ________. (Points : 5)
an act
a law
a theory
a dogma

2. The smaller unit molecules (monomers) which combine to form proteins and polypeptides are called ____________. (Points : 5)
fatty acids
monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides

3. Enzymes, some hormones, and structural molecules like keratin and collagen are examples of ______________. (Points : 5)
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

4. An atom that has gained or lost electrons is referred to as _______________. (Points : 5)
an ion
a molecule
an isotope
an element

5. Cell membranes consist of _____________. (Points : 5)
a complex carbohydrate webbing
a flexible sheet of protein
a network of microfilaments and microtubules
a double layer of phospholipids

6. Which of the following transport mechanisms requires ATP to move materials across a plasma membrane? (Points : 5)
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
active transport

7. A cell is placed in a solution.  If the cell is observed to shrink, the solution must be _________________ relative to the interior of the cell. (Points : 5)
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
toxic

8. Consider the following two statements:
(1)  ” Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed in form.”
(2)  “If energy changes form, the change is never 100% efficient.”
(Points : 5)
These statements are expressions of the 1st and 2nd energy laws.
These statements don’t apply to any cells.
These statements are both false.
These statements apply only to eukaryotic (higher) cells.

9. The part of an enzyme that “fits” its substrate is called its __________ site. (Points : 5)
repressor
promoter
active
operator

10. In higher cells, cellular (aerobic) respiration with production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is carried out in the _______________. (Points : 5)
mitochondrion
nucleus
plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum

11. Meiosis differs from mitosis because _______________. (Points : 5)
meiosis results in diploid daughter cells
meiosis involves two cell divisions
DNA replicates before the start of meiosis
meiosis occurs all over the human body

12. Leaves are green because ____________. (Points : 5)
carotenoids absorb green light
carotenoids reflect green light
chlorophylls a and b absorb green light
chlorophylls a and b reflect green light

13. Many human traits such as eye color and height are controlled by _______________. (Points : 5)
sex-linked inheritance
Mendel’s laws
polygenic inheritance
incomplete dominance

14. ______________ is a nucleic acid base found in ribonucleic acid (RNA) but not in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (Points : 5)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

15. Which of the following is not a possible outcome of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology? (Points : 5)
mass production of human hormones by bacteria
estimating the age of a rock sample
increasing the production of hardier crops
correcting a human disease

16. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method of ________________. (Points : 5)
mass-producing proteins
speeding up the production of mRNA proteins
making multiple identical copies of small amounts of DNA
decoding the nucleotide sequence of a gene

17. Which of the following is most likely to cause a cell to become cancerous? (Points : 5)
mutation of a tumor supressor gene
premature apoptosis
cytokinesis
contact inhibition

18. The normal complement of sex chromosomes for a human male is ___________. (Points : 5)
YY
XY
XX
XXY

19. An allele is ____________. (Points : 5)
an alternate form of a gene
a gene found on different chromosomes (e.g., on chromosome numbers 1 and 5)
a gene located at two different positions on the same chromosome
a sex cell

20. A visual display of metaphase chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and banding pattern is ______. (Points : 5)
a genetic disorder
a centrosome
a karyotype
amniocentesis

The Smaller Unit Molecules (Monomers) Which Combine To Form Proteins And Polypeptides Are Called

 
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Critical Thinking Discussion

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Critical Thinking Discussion. Students with code numbers starting with a 1 (e.g., 11, 12, 13, etc), must post answers to 2 of the critical thinking questions below. You can only post an answer to a previously answered question if you are correcting an error made by a previous poster.

A person is declared to be dead upon the irreversible cessation of spontaneous body functions brain activity, or blood circulation and respiration. However, only about 1% of a person’s cells have to die in order for all of these things to happen. How can someone be dead when 99% of their cells are still alive?
Explain the difference between a one-celled organism and a single cell of a multicellular organism.
Why would you think twice about ordering from a restaurant menu that lists only the second part of the species name (not the genus) of its offerings? Include an example of why this might be troubling.
Once there was a highly intelligent turkey that had nothing to but reflect on the world’s regularities Morning always started out with teh sky turning light, followed by the master’s footsteps, which were always followed by the appearance of food. Other things varied, but food always followed footsteps. The sequence of events was so predictable that it eventually became the basis fo the turkey’s theory about the goodness of the world. One morning, after more than 100 confirmations fo the goodness of theory, the turkey listened for the master’s footsteps, herd them and had its head chopped off. Any scientific theory is modified or discarded upon discovery of contradictory evidence. The absence of absolute certainty has led some people to conclude that “facts are irrelevant because they can change”. If that is so, should we stop doing scientific research? Why or why not?
In 2005, research Woo-suk Hwang reported that he made immortal stem cells from human patients. His research was hailed as a breakthrough for people affected by degenerative diseases, because stem cells may be used to repair a person’s own damaged cells. Hwang published his results in a peer-reviewed journal. In 2006, the journal retracted his paper after other scientists discovered that Hwang’s group had faked the data. Does this incident show that results of scientific studies cannot be trusted? Or does it confirm the usefulness of a scientific approach, because other scientists discovered and exposed the fraud?

Critical Thinking Discussion

 
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Biology Problem Set Homework

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Biology Problem Set Homework. BICD 110 Fall 2020, Dr. Kiger

Problem Set 8 Lectures 7A-7B

 

Microtubules

 

1. What statement best describes the basis for how/why microtubules are “tubes”?

 

___A. tubulin and tubulin assemble into small filament rings that stack into a tube

___B. tubulin dimers assemble into filaments that spiral into a tube

_X_C. tubulin dimers assemble into parallel protafilaments that fold into a tube

___D. MAPs bind and curve the tubulin dimers so that filament assembly forms a tube

___E. ATPase activity of kinesin motor proteins bends a sheet of protafilaments into a tube

 

2. What is a shared property of both actin and tubulin subunits with respect to microfilament and microtubule dynamics, respectively?

 

___A. predominantly added to filament/protofilament (+) ends.

___B. predominantly added to filament/protofilament (−) ends.

___C. equally efficient at being added to both ends of filament/protofilament.

___D. added along the length within an assembled filament/protofilament.

 

3. During dynamic instability of microtubules, within the tubule…

 

(i)…the -tubulin subunits: (ii)….the -tubulin subunits:

 

___A. undergo ATP hydrolysis ___A. undergo ATP hydrolysis

___B. undergo GTP hydrolysis ___B. undergo GTP hydrolysis

___C. remain locked in GDP bound state ___C. remain locked in GDP bound state

___D. remain locked in ADP bound state ___D. remain locked in ADP bound state

___E. remain locked in GTP bound state ___E. remain locked in GTP bound state

 

(iii) Compare and contrast the above properties of tubulin subunits in microtubule ‘dynamic instability’ to those of actin subunits with microfilament ‘treadmilling’, providing key details. What is similar? What is distinct?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Define ‘critical concentration’ (Cc) as it relates to microfilament and microtubule formation, as well as to the different ends of the polymers. Define steady state.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Fill in the blanks.

 

Microtubules are typically not static structures. _____Dynamic instability_____ is the phrase used to describe how a microtubule undergoes alternating periods of rapid growth and shrinkage, called _____rescue_______ and ______catastrophy_________, respectively. These dynamics occur with growth happening at the microtubule ____positive (+)_____ ends, since the ____negative (-)_____ ends are typically inaccessible while stabilized at the ______MTOC_______. At the microtubule minus-ends, you will invariably find the specific microtubule subunit, __________________, which directly interacts with another tubulin subunit, __________________ in -TuRC. Growing microtubule ends are normally stabilized by __________________ ‘caps,’ while ___GTP____ hydrolysis can lead to rapid disassembly.

6. Compare and contrast the proteins, -tubulin and formin (what do they do? how do they do it? where do they do what they do?).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. Name and describe the organization and roles for the three different major classes of microtubules that contribute to mitosis.

 

Microtubules and Motor proteins

 

8. Motor proteins are what kinds of enzymes?

 

 

 

9. Draw and label a simple cartoon of the general protein domains found in common between the structures for different types of motor proteins. Indicate the ‘motor’ region and what specific types of proteins interact with the different protein domains.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10. Which of the following properties is not shared by all myosins? May be one or more than one answer.

 

___A. the ability to bind ATP

___B. the formation of homodimers

___C. the ability to bind F-actin

___D. the presence of a head domain

___E. the ability to do work

___F. the ability to bind G-actin

 

11. In the model for myosin movement on microfilaments, the power stroke occurs during:

 

___A. binding of ATP.

___B. hydrolysis of ATP.

___C. release of phosphate (Pi).

___D. release of ADP.

___E. the assembly of a myosin thick filament

 

12. Match the cell functions on the right with the specific motor (A-F) most likely involved. You may use an answer more than once or not at all.

 

A. Myosin I ________ Cilia movement

B. Myosin II ________ Cell contraction

C. Myosin V ________ Organelle and vesicle transport (>1 correct!)

D. Kinesin I ________ Microtuble plus-end directed sliding

E. Kinesin 5 ________ Microfilament to membrane tethering

F. Dynein ________ Microfilament plus-end directed vesicle transport

13. All of the following statements describe Kinesin I except:

 

___A. Kinesin I is a (−) end-directed motor.

___B. Kinesin I transports vesicles along microtubules.

___C. Kinesin I binds and hydrolyzes ATP to produce movement.

___D. Kinesin I is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.

___E. Kinesin is a (+) end-directed motor.

 

14. With respect to motor protein function, specifically what effect would the addition of AMP-PNP (a non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP) have on axonal transport? Why?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15. You purify what appears (by protein sequence homology) to be an ATPase protein complex that is required in a cell free assay for endosome intracellular transport. You call it Endomytin. You want to determine if Endomytin acts as a motor protein, and if so, to characterize its motor properties. Name three basic criteria (properties or predictions about protein function) that you expect if Endomytin is a motor protein, AND how you would test Endomytin for each of these properties.

 

 

 

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Biology Problem Set Homework

 
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