Environmental Issues in Construction.
1
EHST 3060/61:
Environmental Issues in
Construction
ď‚ž To give a general overview of the various
hazards to which construction workers
may be exposed
ď‚ž Health hazards
 Physical hazard
 Chemical hazard
 Biological hazard
 Ergonomic hazard
ď‚ž Safety hazards
 Unsafe act
 Unsafe condition
ď‚ž Construction work is dynamic, diverse, and
constantly changing. This poses a great
challenge in protecting the health and safety
of construction workers.
ď‚ž Construction workers are at risk of exposure
to various workplace hazards that can result
in injury, illness, disability, or even death.
ď‚ž Constantly changing job site environments and conditions
ď‚ž Multiple contractors and subcontractors
ď‚ž High turnover; unskilled laborers
ď‚ž Constantly changing relationships with other work groups
ď‚ž Diversity of work activities occurring simultaneously
 Exposures to health hazards resulting from own work as well as from nearby activities (“bystander exposure”)
ď‚ž Private industry construction workers had a
fatal occupational injury rate nearly 3 times
that of all workers in the U.S.
 9.7 per 100,000 construction workers
 3.3 per 100,000 workers
ď‚ž Construction has 3 of the 10 occupations
with the highest fatal injury rates (per
100,000 full-time equivalent workers)
 Roofers at 34.7 fatal work injuries
 Structural iron and steel workers at 30.3
 Laborers at 18.3
2
ď‚ž Number: 721 workers
ď‚ž Percent: 16% of all fatal occupational injuries
1. Falls: 34% of fatal occupational injuries in
construction
 48% of all fatal falls in private industry were to
construction workers.
2. Transportation-related events: 25%
3. Contact with objects and equipment: 19%
4. Exposure to harmful substances and
environments: 16%
1. Falls, slips and trips: 35% of fatal
occupational injuries in construction
2. Roadway (e.g. transportation-related): 12%
3. Struck by object and equipment: 10%
4. Homicide: 1%
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t02.htm
 Hazard – inherent potency to cause harm
to a person
 Risk – probability of being exposed to a
hazard
ď‚ž Health hazards
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Ergonomic
ď‚ž Safety hazards
 Unsafe act
 Unsafe condition
Occupational
Disease
Occupational
Injury
Occupations Potential Health Hazards
Brickmasons Cement material, awkward postures, heavy loads
Drywall installers Plaster dust, heavy loads, awkward postures
Electricians Heavy metals in solder fumes, awkward posture, heavy loads, asbestos
Painters Solvent vapors, toxic metals in pigments, paint additives
Pipefitters Lead fumes and particles, welding fumes, asbestos dust
Carpet layers Knee trauma, awkward postures, glue and glue vapor
Insulation workers Asbestos, synthetic fibers, awkward postures
Roofers Roofing tar, heat
Carpenters Noise, awkward postures, repetitive motion
Drillers, earth, rock Silica dust, whole-body vibration, noise
Excavating and loading machine operators
Silica dust, histoplasmosis, whole-body vibration, heat stress, noise
Hazardous waste workers
Heat stress, toxic chemicals
3
ď‚ž Different types of energy which may be hazardous to workers
 Noise
 Vibration
 Extreme temperature
 Extreme pressure
 Radiation
What are found
in construction?
ď‚ž Prolonged exposure to
excessive noise levels
(>85 dB) can cause
noise-induced hearing
loss.
 When you are exposed
to excessive noise
levels, the first stage is
temporary hearing loss.
 Over time, the hearing
loss becomes
permanent.
Probable Noise Levels of Some Common
Construction Equipment at Operator’s Ear
Equipment or Tool Noise level will
probably exceed
Back hoe 85 dB
Bulldozer 87 dB
Chopsaw 92 dB
Grader/scraper 107 dB
Front end loader 90 dB
Jackhammer 102 dB
Nail-gun 97 dB
Router 90 dB
Welding equipment 92 dB
Source: U.W. Dept. of Environmental &
Occupational Health Services – Rick
Neitzel July, 2005
ď‚ž Type of equipment being operated
ď‚ž Condition/maintenance of the equipment
ď‚ž Other equipment running at the same time
ď‚ž Enclosed or partially enclosed spaces
What factors influence the noise levels to which workers are exposed?
ď‚ž Can occur from operating large mobile
equipment
 Drillers
 Air hammers
 Pile drivers
 Tractors
 Graders
 Excavators
 Earth-moving equipment
 Other large machinery
Hand-arm vibration can result from using hand-
held power tools (i.e. pneumatic drills and
hammers and disc grinders).
Hand-arm vibration may
cause carpal tunnel
syndrome, a disease that
affects the fingers and hands.
In the long run, permanent
damages to the nerves will
result in a loss of the sense of
touch and dexterity.
ď‚ž A change in body temperature due to extreme
work environmental conditions can lead to
stress or illness from heat or cold.
Cold temperatures can lead to fatigue,
irregular breathing, confusion, and
hypothermia.
Heavy work in high temperatures can
cause muscle cramps, dehydration,
and heat stroke.
4
ď‚ž Hot conditions
 Prolonged work under direct sunlight in summer
 Wearing impermeable protective clothing when
doing heavy work
 Working in an
enclosed area with a
strong heat source,
poor ventilation, and
high humidity
ď‚ž Cold conditions
 Cold air temperatures
 Rain, snow, sleet, or other wet weather
conditions
 Windy conditions
 Underground construction work
 Working over water and falling in
ď‚ž X-rays and gamma rays from equipment
used:
 To gauge the density and thickness of pipes
 To inspect welds
 For detecting weakness of metal structures
ď‚ž Radioactive isotopes from flow meters
ď‚ž Health effects
 Increased risk of
developing cancer and
genetic disease
ď‚ž Ultraviolet light from sunlight &
welding
ď‚ž Infrared radiation from torch
welding and cutting
ď‚ž Radio waves from radio transmission
devices (roof-top dishes &
antennas)
ď‚ž Lasers used for aligning, ranging,
and surveying are usually low-
powered but can cause eye injuries
if directly viewed for extended time Rooftop radio antenna
Welding ultraviolet light
ď‚ž Health effects
 Skin cancer
 Eye damage
 Premature skin aging
 Burns
ď‚ž Liquid
ď‚ž Gases
ď‚ž Vapors
ď‚ž Particulates
 Dust
 Fumes
 Mists
 Smoke
What are found
in construction?
5
ď‚ž Chemicals are found in variety of
products used at construction sites.
ď‚ž Workers may also be exposed to
chemicals generated during construction
activities.
• Welding fumes
• Spray paints
• Cutting oil mists
• Solvents
• Hexavalent chromium
• Asbestos
• Lead
• Silica
• Cadmium
• Carbon monoxide
ď‚ž Chemicals can enter the body through:
 Inhalation – breathed in; typically
the most common route of entry
 Ingestion – accidental swallowing
through eating, drinking or smoking
 Absorption – absorbed through
contact with skin or eyes
 Injection – chemical enters the body by skin
puncture rarely occurs (e.g. paint from a high-
pressure spray gun); a minor route of exposure
in construction
ď‚ž Two types of health effects from chemical exposure
HEALTH EFFECTS EXPOSURE EXAMPLE
ACUTE
Appears immediately or within short time following exposure, (minutes or hours); death possible from some hazardous substances
Typically sudden, short-term, high concentration
Headache, collapse or death from high levels of carbon monoxide
CHRONIC
Usually develops slowly, as long as 15- 20 years or more
Continued or repeated for a prolonged period, usually years
Lung cancer from exposure to asbestos
AVOID BREATHING AIRBORNE
ASBESTOS FIBERS Asbestos pipe insulation
ď‚ž Construction workers may be exposed to
asbestos during demolition or remodeling of
older buildings built before 1980 which can
contain asbestos insulation, or other asbestos
containing products. Asbestos removal can
only be done by specially trained asbestos
workers.
ď‚ž Asbestos exposure can cause breathing
problems, lung cancer and cancer of the lung
lining many years after exposure.
Welding on a stainless steel tank,
generating hexavalent chromium Welding in a confined space
ď‚ž Welding fumes contain a variety of chemicals
depending on what is being welded on,
chemical makeup of welding rods, fluxes and
shielding gases.
ď‚ž Most hazardous welding activities:
ď‚ž A variety of solvents with
varying degrees of toxicity
are used in construction
(e.g. paints, glues and
epoxies)
ď‚ž Generally, the possibility of
exposure to excessive
amounts of solvent vapors
is greater when solvents are
handled in enclosed or
confined spaces.
6
ď‚ž Solvents can:
 Irritate your eyes, nose or
throat
 Make you dizzy, high, sleepy,
give you a headache or
cause you to pass out
 Affect your judgment or
coordination
 Cause internal damage to
your body
 Dry out or irritate your skin
Brick cutting Concrete cutting Blowing concrete dust
with compressed air
ď‚ž Silica or quartz dust exposure is very
common in construction from drilling, cutting
or grinding on concrete, sandblasting, rock
drilling or in masonry work.
ď‚ž Exposure to excessive silica dust causes lung
scarring and lung disease over time.
ď‚ž Construction workers can be exposed to lead
on bridge repair work, lead paint removal on
metal structures or buildings or demolition of
old buildings with lead paint, or using lead
solder.
ď‚ž Lead is highly toxic and can cause severe,
long term health problems
Carcinogens Cancer Caused
Benzene Leukemia
Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)
Liver cancer
Methylene chloride Pancreatic and liver cancer
Trichloroethylene Bladder cancer, lymphomas
Perchloroethylene Liver and kidney cancer
Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB)
Liver, pituitary and
gastrointestinal tumors;
leukemia; lymphomas
Dioxin and furan Leukemia, lymphoma
ď‚ž Exposure to chemicals or lack of
oxygen in confined spaces can be
deadly.
ď‚ž Airborne chemicals can quickly
reach dangerous levels in
confined spaces that are not
ventilated.
 Carbon monoxide
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Welding fumes
 Solvent vapors
ď‚ž Microorganisms
 Bacteria
 Virus
 Fungi
ď‚ž Parasites
ď‚ž Insects
ď‚ž Organic aerosols
ď‚ž Plants
ď‚ž Animals
What are found
in construction?
7
ď‚ž Diseases or illnesses can occur
from biological sources
 Virus – West Nile virus; Hantavirus
 Insect – Lyme disease
 Fungi – Histoplasmosis
 Plant toxins – poison oak, sumac,
stinging nettles
ď‚ž Some of these diseases are minor
infections.
ď‚ž Others can be serious or deadly.
Poison oak
Stinging nettle
ď‚ž Exposure may occur during demolition,
renovation, sewer work, work on air
handling systems, or other construction
work from contact with contaminated or
disease-carrying
 Soil
 Water
 Insects (mosquitoes, ticks)
 Bird or bat droppings
 Animals
 Structures
Pigeon droppings in
abandoned building
ď‚ž Ergonomic hazards can cause painful and
disabling injuries to joints and muscles.
ď‚ž Ergonomic hazards are the most frequently
occurring health hazards in construction and
the cause of most injuries.
ď‚ž Injuries can occur from:
 Heavy, frequent, or awkward lifting
 Repetitive tasks
 Awkward postures and grips
 Using excessive force, overexertion
 Using wrong tools for the job
or using tools improperly
 Using improperly maintained tools
 Hand-intensive work
ď‚ž Can lead to musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) and injuries
 Strains and sprains
 Tendonitis
 Carpal tunnel syndrome
 Low back pain
 Fatigue
To what health hazards is this construction
worker simultaneously exposed to?
ď‚ž In some cases, workers can be exposed to
several health hazards at the same time or
on the same worksite over time.
8
ď‚ž Falls (from heights)
ď‚ž Trench collapse
ď‚ž Scaffold collapse
ď‚ž Electrocution
 Caught-in and –between hazards
ď‚ž Struck-by hazards
ď‚ž Failure to use proper PPE
ď‚ž Using shortcuts in performing a task
Unsafe act
Unsafe conditions
ď‚ž Falls
 Caught-in or –between
ď‚ž Struck-by
ď‚ž Electrocution
ď‚ž Health hazards
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Ergonomic
ď‚ž Safety hazards
 Unsafe acts and
conditions
Occupational
Disease Occupational
Injury
Occupational Hazards ď‚ž Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Washington State Department of
Labor and Industries
ď‚ž Construction Safety and Health (NIOSH) –
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/constructi
on/
ď‚ž Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), Construction
Industry: Outreach Training Program –
http://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/constru
ction/index.html
Environmental Issues in Construction
"Looking for a Similar Assignment? Get Expert Help at an Amazing Discount!"