Biology 45

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Experiment 1: Microscopic Anatomy of the Reproductive System

Visualizing the microscopic anatomy of the reproductive system will aid in your understanding of its function.

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Materials

Penis (Cross-Section) Digital Slide Image Testis (Cross-Section) Digital Slide Image Sperm Digital Slide Image

Ovary Digital Slide Image Uterus Digital Slide Image

Procedure

1. Examine each of the digital slide images.

2. Label the images provided at the end of the digital slide images.

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Penis (Cross-Section) 100X. The urethra is lined with stratified, squamous epithelium near the bottom of the tubule. The corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra, includes blood sinuses which are often filled with blood. These sinuses are also lined with simple, squamous epithelium. The corpus cavernosa (not pictured) is located just above the corpus spongiosa, and contains erectile tissue. This tissue is filled with empty spaces which fill with arterial blood in a process called tumescense.

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Penis (Cross-Section) 1000X. Blood cells in the corpus spongiosum are visible in this image.

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Testis (Cross-Section) 100X. Testes are dense with seminiferous tubules (approximately 800- 1600 tubules per testis; or, approximately 600 meters of tubules when added together). These tubules are the site for spermatogenesis, and are lined with Sertoli cells. Septa reside between these tubules, and are comprised of connective tissue.

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Testis (Cross-Section) 1000X. Sertoli cells are referred to as “nursery cells” because they help create a healthy environment for spermatogenesis. These cells are directly atop the boundary tissue which surrounds the seminiferous tubules, and are ovular in shape. Meiotic activity produces, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatids. Spermatids are located near the lumen within the tubules, and appear morphologically different based on their respective phases of maturation. Young spermatids have elongated, tail-like structures while more developed spermatids appear boxy and dense.

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Sperm 1000X. Sperm cell anatomy includes a head, a midpiece, and a flagella. The head appears dense and includes the nucleus. The midpiece has a filamentous core with many mitochondrial organelles present on the outside. The flagella is used for motility.

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Ovary 100X. The surface layer of the ovary is composed of a single layer of epithelium, referred to as germinal epithelium. The tunica albuginea is directly below the germinal epithelium and creates a connective tissue capsule surrounding the ovary. The outer layer of the ovary, shown above, is referred to as the cortex and is where follicles reside. Ovaries contain different types of follicle cells referred to as primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, and tertiary follicles. A central medulla also exists within the ovary.

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Uterus 100X. The endometrium is a mucosal layer used for egg implantation, and consists of simple columnar epithelium; this includes both ciliated and secretory cells). Note that the precise composition of the endometrium varies by physiological state. The myometrium is a fibromuscular layer. Uterine glands are located in the endometrium

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Uterus 1000X. Uterine glands are lined by ciliated columnar epithelium. They function to secrete biochemical substances required for healthy embryonic development, and become enlarged after impregnation occurs in the uterus.

Post-Lab Questions

1. Label the slide images

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2. What type of epithelium did you observe in the prepared slide of the penis?

3. Which layer of the uterus forms a new functional layer each month?

Experiment 1: Observation of Mitosis in a Plant Cell

image19.jpgIn this experiment, we will look at the different stage of mitosis in an onion cell. Remember that mitosis only occupies one to two hours while interphase can take anywhere from 18 – 24 hours. Using this information and the data from your experiment, you can estimate the percentage of cells in each stage of the cell cycle.

Materials

Onion (allium) Root Tip Digital Slide Images

Procedure

1. The length of the cell cycle in the onion root tip is about 24 hours. Predict how many hours of the 24 hour cell cycle you think each step takes. Record your predictions, along with supporting evidence, in Table 1.

2. Examine the onion root tip slide images on the following pages. There are four images, each displaying a different field of view. Pick one of the images, and count the number of cells in each stage. Then count the total number of cells in the image. Record the image you selected and your counts in Table 2.

3. Calculate the time spent by a cell in each stage based on the 24 hour cycle:

Hours of Stage

=

24 x Number of Cells in Stage

Total Number of Cells Counted

4. Locate the region just above the root cap tip.

5. Locate a good example of a cell in each of the following stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

6. Draw the dividing cell in the appropriate area for each stage of the cell cycle, exactly as it appears. Include your drawings in Table 3.

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Onion Root Tip: 100X

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Onion Root Tip: 100X

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Onion Root Tip: 100X

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Onion Root Tip: 100X

Table 1: Mitosis Predictions

Predictions:

Supporting Evidence:

Table 2: Mitosis Data

Number of Cells in Each Stage

Total Number of Cells

Calculated % of Time Spent in Each Stage

Interphase:

Interphase:

Prophase:

Prophase:

Metaphase:

Metaphase:

Anaphase:

Anaphase:

Telophase:

Telophase:

Cytokinesis:

Cytokinesis:

Table 3: Stage Drawings

Cell Stage:

Drawing:

Interphase:

Prophase:

Metaphase:

Anaphase:

Telophase:

Cytokinesis:

Post-Lab Questions

1. Label the arrows in the slide image below with the appropriate stage of the cell cycle.

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2. What stage were most of the onion root tip cells in? Does this make sense?

3. As a cell grows, what happens to its surface area : volume ratio? (Think of a balloon being blown up). How is this changing ratio related to cell division?

4. What is the function of mitosis in a cell that is about to divide?

5. What would happen if mitosis were uncontrolled?

6. How accurate were your time predication for each stage of the cell cycle?

7. Discuss one observation that you found interesting while looking at the onion root tip cells.

Experiment 3: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis

In this experiment, you will follow the movement of the chromosomes through meiosis I and II to create gametes

Materials

2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of each – these may be any color) 4 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)

Procedure Trial 1

As prophase I begins, the replicated chromosomes coil and condense…

1. Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes. 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). The five-holed bead represents the centromere. To do this…

a. For example, suppose you start with 20 red beads to create your first sister chromatid pair. Five beads must be snapped together for each of the four different strands. Two strands create the first chromatid, and two strands create the second chromatid.

b. Place the five-holed bead flat on a work surface with the node positioned up. Then, snap each of the four strands into the bead to create an “X” shaped pair of sister chromosomes.

c. Repeat this process using 20 new beads (of a different color) to create the second sister chromatid pair. See Figure 4 (located in Experiment 2) for reference.

2. Assemble a second pair of replicated sister chromatids; this time using 12 beads, instead of 20, per pair (six beads per each complete sister chromatid strand). Snap each of the four pieces into a new five-holed bead to complete the set up. See Figure 5 (located in Experiment 2) for reference.

3. Pair up the homologous chromosome pairs created in Step 1 and 2. DO NOT SIMULATE CROSSING OVER IN THIS TRIAL. You will simulate crossing over in Trial 2.

4. Configure the chromosomes as they would appear in each of the stages of meiotic division (prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase I and II, and cytokinesis).

5. Diagram the corresponding images for each stage in the sections titled “Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram”. Be sure to indicate the number of chromosomes present in each cell for each phase.

6. Disassemble the beads used in Trial 1. You will need to recycle these beads for a second meiosis trial in Steps 7 – 11.

Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis

Trial 2

7. Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes. 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). The five-holed bead represents the centromere. To do this…

a. For example, suppose you start with 20 red beads to create your first sister chromatid pair. Five beads must be snapped together for each of the four different strands. Two strands create the first chromatid, and two strands create the second chromatid.

b. Place the five-holed bead flat on a work surface with the node positioned up. Then, snap each of the four strands into the bead to create an “X” shaped pair of sister chromosomes.

c. Repeat this process using 20 new beads (of a different color) to create the second sister chromatid pair. See Figure 4 (located in Experiment 2) for reference.

8. Assemble a second pair of replicated sister chromatids; this time using 12 beads, instead of 20, per pair (six beads per each complete sister chromatid strand). Snap each of the four pieces into a new five-holed bead to complete the set up. See Figure 5 (located in Experiment 2) for reference.

9. Pair up the homologous chromosomes created in Step 6 and 7.

10. SIMULATE CROSSING OVER. To do this, bring the two homologous pairs of sister chromatids together (creating the chiasma) and exchange an equal number of beads between the two. This will result in chromatids of the same original length, there will now be new combinations of chromatid colors.

11. Configure the chromosomes as they would appear in each of the stages of meiotic division (prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase I and II, and cytokinesis).

12. Diagram the corresponding images for each stage in the section titled “Trial 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram”. Be sure to indicate the number of chromosomes present in each cell for each phase. Also, indicate how the crossing over affected the genetic content in the gametes from Trial 1 versus Trial 2.

Trial 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis

Post-Lab Questions

1. What is the state of the DNA at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II?

2. Why are chromosomes important?

3. How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?

4. Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate crossing over?

5. What combinations of alleles could result from a crossover between BD and bd chromosomes?

6. How many chromosomes were present when meiosis I started?

7. How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in each?

8. Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic recombination.

9. Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells?

10. Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following: Sperm Cell:

Egg Cell:

Daughter Cell from Mitosis:

Daughter Cell from Meiosis II:

11. Research and find a disease that is caused by chromosomal mutations. When does the mutation occur? What chromosomes are affected? What are the consequences?

12. Diagram what would happen if sexual reproduction took place for four generations using diploid (2n) cells.

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Biology 45

 
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PERSONAL FINANCE BUSG 1370

PERSONAL FINANCE BUSG 1370.

PERSONAL FINANCE BUSG 1370

 
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A Case Study For International Management.

A Case Study For International Management.. Read Café Britt: A Costa Rica Pride.
Answer all three questions using Chapters 1- 3. 

  1. What effect will a corporation’s emphasis on environmental responsibility have on its financial performance in both the short term and long term? Does this contradict the notation of maximizing the wealth of its investors?
  2. What factors in the political, legal, and/or technological environments does Café Britt need to be concerned with?
  3. How could the international expansion opportunities best be managed?

professor says: “I will be evaluating your case for the level of chapter integration, analysis and understanding of concepts, overall writing ability and following the format guidelines.

This assignment is considered a formal academic paper; therefore, APA writing guidelines should be followed. Please make arrangements to see my during office hours prior to turning in your assignment if you are unfamiliar with APA format”

Format Guidelines: 

  • Typed
  • 12 point Font Size
  • New York Times New Roman Font
  • Double spaced
  • One inch margins
  • Between 4-6 pages in length.

***I have attached Café Britt (which you will read). however, you have to use chapter 1-3 for answering the questions from this book:

Luthans, F. & Doh, J.P. (2015). International Management – Culture, strategy, and behavior, (9th ed.,). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

A Case Study For International Management.

 
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Module 3 Project Deliverable: Project Charter

Module 3 Project Deliverable: Project Charter.

Villanova University College of Professional Studies

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Case Study: Lean Process Improvement –

Nova Point

 

Tina Agustiady

Certified Six Sigma Master Black Belt

 

 

 

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Executive Summary Nova Point is a growing product for a main ice cream factory named Uncle T’s.

The product is selling extremely well, and sales have been rising for the past

year. Over the past year, even with the increase of sales, there has also been an

increase in complaints for thick or thin ice cream. Customers felt that some ice

cream was too thick and lost the fluffy texture, while others had thin ice cream

that melted too quickly in their mouth, which made it feel like a liquid. Poor quality

of the Nova Point causes thick or thin product, resulting in major variation in

product due to materials, methods, machinery, measurements, manpower, and

Mother Nature.

The product is made in two main factories, but the main problems are

significantly coming from one factory. The product with the problems is made on

a production line where the temperature is warm within the factory. They are also

scrapping a great amount of product due to it now being inedible. It goes through

a series of processes – mainly kettles, where raw materials enter and then go

through a series of mixing steps. The materials are then pumped out onto a

production line and thereafter packaged. The current first pass quality is 91%,

and there are many holds on the product due to thick or thin product that is held

within the factory before it is sent to the customer. The goal of the project is to:

 Increase first pass quality from 91% to 99%.

 Reduce holds by 10%.

 

 

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Methodology  Determine process for thick/thin issues while implementing specifications

for ingredients.

 Determine the waste coming from the product/process.

 Create standardized work and train all associates.

 Determine proper preventative maintenance for machinery.

 Determine possible equipment replacement and/or upgrades.

What Is Lean?

Lean is the pursuit of perfection via a systematic approach to identifying and

eliminating waste through continuous improvement of the value stream,

enabling the product or information to flow at a rate determined by the pull of the

customer.

Figure 1. Lean System

 

Identify Value

Map the Value

Stream

Create Flow

Establish Pull

Seek Perfection

 

 

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Introduction Tina Agustiady – Continuous Improvement Leader

Tom Jones – Operator

Michelle VanHutson – Operator

John George – Production Engineer

Nancy Feller – Maintenance Coordinator

Todd Peterson – Plant Manager and Project Champion

Andy Myers – Executive Sponsor

Master Black Belt – Michael Bell

The team was selected based on knowledge and expertise of the process.

The team did a great job and was proficient and organized during the project.

Identify Value A project charter was mapped out to show responsible personnel, problem

statements, goals, and timelines.

 

 

 

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Deliverable Module 3

Please fill out a project charter from the Excel templates provided.

Figure 2. Project Charter

 

PROJECT CHARTER PURPOSE

The purpose of the Continuous Improvement project is to pilot the CI

foundation in a factory utilizing a structured approach and being able to

benchmark the findings across processes. We want to identify where we

can add value, and this can be seen through the project charter.

PROJECT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 Determine the process for thick/thin issues while implementing

specifications for ingredients.

 Determine the waste coming from the product/process.

 Create standardized work and train all associates.

Phase Start Finish Identify Value Map the Value Stream Create Flow Establish Pull Seek Perfection

Organization Approval/Steering Committee Stakeholders & Advisors Project Team & SME’s Name Organization Name Organization Name

High Level Project Timeline Constraints & Dependencies Project Risks Additional Information

Project Goals Project Scope

Problem Statement Business Case

Project Title: Black Belt Project Champion Executive Sponsor MBB/Mentor

 

 

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 Determine proper preventative maintenance for machinery.

 Determine possible equipment replacement and/or upgrades.

 

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Business justification consists of reducing thin/thick issues associated on

the manufacturing line and increasing first pass quality (FPQ).

PROJECT GOALS

Table 1. Project Goals

Goals Objectives Increase FPQ to 99% and reduce holds by 10%

 Determine manufacturing process along with specifications and reduce thick/thin issues.

 Determine if target specifications are accurate or need to be revised (standard deviations).

 Train all personnel on manufacturing process and create manual.

 Determine proper PMs for machinery.

 Measure initial viscosity and temperatures for correlation versus 24-hour viscosity.

 

Table 2. Milestones and Deliverables

Milestone Deliverable 1. Conduct training • Identify training date. 2. Create manual • Manual will be for documentation and

training purposes. 3. Create preventative

maintenance (PMs) for main equipment

• PMs will be established, and sign-off sheets will be available.

 

 

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Milestone Deliverable 4. Benchmark factory

with best practices • Determine best in-class process and

implement in both manufacturing plants. 5. Reduce holds and

consumer concerns by 10%

• Determine correlation between holds and consumer concerns.

6. Determine root causes of each hold and consumer concern and document action plan

• Ongoing

7. Maintain consumer concerns under 2.5M pounds, focusing on v-line

• Ongoing

8. Reduce material waste from icings and v-line back to 2018 levels or better

• Ongoing

9. Improve consistency and reduce variation from v-line process

• Ongoing

A control plan will be completed at the end of the project.

A process map was drawn out in order to visually see each of the process steps as they

occur.

Deliverable Module 4

Please complete a high-level process map of the current process using the Excel template provided.

The process is defined as the following:

• Placing icing in Kettle 1

• Completing a shortening quality check

• Icing being transferred to Kettle 2

 

 

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• Completing a viscosity check

• Transfer product to final assembly

• Final quality check

• Package product

• Process map

Conclusion of Identify Value

The Identify Value step showed that the processes committed by Nova Point are

important to the customers and the business. A high-level process map was

completed in order to more fully understand the steps. The project team now has

a baseline to begin to map the value stream.

Map the Value Stream The goals of mapping the value stream were to determine the key factors for

variation issues, machine issues, and variation in Nova Point process through

statistical analysis and graphical analysis. The goal of the project is to increase

first pass quality from 91% to 99%, and to reduce holds by 10%.

A SIPOC was performed to see the high-level process inputs, outputs, and

process steps.

Deliverable Module 4

Please complete:

• A SIPOC utilizing the Excel template provided • A high-level Value Stream Map utilizing the Excel template provided

A cause-and-effect diagram was created to identify different variables that play a part in

the process. This was done for the Nova Point thin and thick holds.

 

 

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Root cause analysis includes a very structured approach to investigating issues for a

permanent fix of the problem. What is sought is the true cause of the problem, which

most people mistake for short-term fixes. Putting guards in place on manufacturing lines

as well as properly placing buckets in order to eliminate waste are examples of short

fixes. The problem still occurs, but there is just a measure put in place to try and

eliminate the waste. The prevention of the problem from occurring is not fixed.

Even though assumptions are utilized for root cause analysis, they should be backed up

with documentation and data. Data driven conclusions should be made when assuming

problems.

Cause-and-effect diagrams are used to examine effects of problems by exploring the

possible causes and to point out possible areas where data can be collected.

They are performed to find potential solutions to a problem by looking for the root

cause(s).

Steps to Conducting a Fishbone or Cause-and-Effect Diagram

1. Brainstorm all possible causes of the problem or effect selected.

• The initial objective is to achieve quantity of ideas rather than quality of ideas.

One person’s idea can trigger someone else’s idea, and a chain reaction will

occur.

• No criticism is allowed; all team members must participate.

2. Classify the major causes under the following categories:

• Manpower

• Machinery

• Method

 

 

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• Measurement

• Material

• Mother Nature (environment)

Deliverable Module 5

Please complete a cause and effect diagram using the Excel template provided.

A pareto was completed to see what the biggest reasons were for having quality problems.

The following information was found:

Table 3. Occurrences by Category

Categories Number of Occurrences Water in pipe 55 Liquid sucrose 25 Supplier providing out of spec materials 48 Clean out water not purged 32 Quality of shortening 41

Deliverable Module 5

Please complete a Pareto chart with the information given using the Excel template provided. It could automatically be seen according to the Pareto chart that the water in the pipe

needed to be dealt with along with product specifications and the quality of the

shortening.

Finally, specifications were gathered to ensure the process was on target:

 In Factory A, 83% of holds are for viscosity.

 Factory B has wider specs for viscosity due to different uses.

 Factory B requires tighter spec range

 

 

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 Factory A specs: viscosity of 200,000 – 600,000 cps

 Factory B specs: viscosity of 320,000 – 512,000 cps

Conclusion of Map the Value Stream

Data was taken for as many parameters as possible before changing any variables. It

was found that piping was making a significant impact on the process, and analysis

needed to be completed for that.

The following was accomplished:

• Process mapping

• Data gathering

• Cause-and-effect diagram

• Root cause analysis

• Pareto chart

Create Flow It could automatically be seen that the water in the pipe needed to be dealt with along

with product specifications and the quality of the shortening.

The team did a 5 Whys analysis to understand why the water was clogging in the pipe

shown in the figure below.

 

 

 

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Figure 3. Water Pipe

 

Deliverable Module 5

Please complete a 5 Whys analysis on the water in the pipe issue using the Excel template provided.

It was important to understand the types of waste that were occurring in the process.

The team decided to do a floor walk (Gemba walk) to find the main types of waste

associated with the acronym DOWNTIME.

Deliverable Module 6

Please complete the Waste Walk tab in the Excel template provided. Be creative here; there are no right or wrong answers.

Conclusion of Create Flow In Lean management, flow is a key concept. Since any kind of waiting is a waste, when

creating a flow of value, your goal is to ensure smooth delivery from the second you

receive an order to the moment when you deliver it to the customer.

Hints to improving flow:

• Map the process.

 

 

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• Talk to subject matter experts about issues.

• Identify all types of different waste in the current process.

• Map an ideal state – the perfect process.

• Develop an action plan.

• Actively monitor the new processes put into place by creating performance

measures.

• Think about places where batch processing can be changed to single piece flow.

Establish Pull The team decided to change the piping so that water could flow quicker through the

piping to make more consistent product that was in specification. The extra water in the

pipe could make the product thin by dispersing too much water from the pipe or too

thick by not having enough water because it was stuck in the pipe.

The changes to the piping were made immediately.

Figure 4. Changes to Piping

 

Ensure Pipe from Pipe #1 to Product is purged and has no residual water

Changed pitchRemoved sweep

 

 

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Since the temperature of 235 degrees in Factory A seemed to have better specifications

than Factory B at a lower temperature, we decided to benchmark and make a standard

operating procedure to heat the product to 235 degrees. The team noticed that all of the

raw ingredients were brought to the line at the beginning of the shift. This caused some

of the ingredients to start melting before they were put in the kettle.

Conclusion of Establish Pull

Many opportunities were identified, and action items were completed to improve the

variation issues for Nova Point. More opportunities will continue to be sought once

proper practices such as the ones stated in the control phase continue to be ensured.

 Piping changes to ensure water is not stuck in 3-way valve of pipe

 Benchmark Factory A

 Training to teach all operators how to make product properly and consistently

 Temperature changes to Benchmark Factory A

The three major variables are listed below:

Variable 1 – Piping

• After several tests and data analysis, the thin and thick issues were minimized

after the piping changes.

Variable 2 – Specifications for Thin or Thick Product

• Specifications were determined for thin or thick product.

• We also spoke to the supplier and changed our specification ranges with them

saying we would no longer take any raw material out of specification because it

was ruining our reputation.

Variable 3 – Temperatures

 

 

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• The temperature of 235 degrees in Factory A seemed to have better

specifications than Factory B at a lower temperature.

Deliverable Module 6

Please choose which variable(s), if any, are key factor(s) for the root cause of the thick/thin product issue.

Seek Perfection The following is a control plan is a document that:

• Provides “one-stop shopping” for a summary of your team’s project.

• Helps others understand what was done.

• Is used to build on without having to reinvent the wheel.

• Allows for replication.

• Is a final list of the Xs (input variables) and Ys (output variables).

• Exists solely to ensure that we consistently operate our processes such that

product meets customer requirements.

There are several basic steps to completing a control plan:

1. Collect existing documentation for the process.

2. Determine the scope of the process for the current control plan.

3. Form teams to update the control plan regularly.

4. Replace short-term capability studies with long-term capability results.

5. Complete control plan summaries.

6. Identify missing or inadequate components or gaps.

7. Review training, maintenance, and operational action plans.

8. Assign tasks to team members.

 

 

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9. Verify compliance of actual procedures with documented procedures.

10. Train or retrain operators.

11. Collect signoffs from all departments.

12. Verify effectiveness with long-term capabilities.

A control plan ensures consistency while eliminating variation in the system.

Control plans help people because they sustain processes that were put in place.

Deliverable Module 7

Please complete a control plan stating how you will sustain the improvements made using the Excel template provided.

The team decided to setup a Kanban system in order to have the ingredients come to

the line at the proper temperature and just in time for them to use them.

Deliverable Module 7

Please complete the Kanban cards by filling out the following information:

• Part description/picture if applicable

• Part number

• Profile

• Quantity

• Lead time

• Due date

• Supplier

• Location

• Card number (generally two Kanban cards: 1 of 2 and 2 of 2)

 

 

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The audit checklist will continually be audited to ensure the manufacturing groups are

on track.

Deliverable Module 7

Please complete an audit checklist to ensure the process stays in a sustainable manner.

Figure 5. Audit Checklist

 

Conclusion to Project

One main change was made to minimize variation, and this involved the piping. The

water was being trapped in a pipe, making the product thick or thin based on when the

water purged from the pipe. The pipe was changed and immediately fixed the

problems. A standard deviation change was also implemented to ensure customers

were getting in-spec products. The standard deviation was centered. The temperature

Target Area: Statement of Audit Objective: Auditor: Audit Date:

Audit Technique Auditable Item, Observation, Procedure etc. Observation Have all associates been trained? YES NO Observation Is training documentation available? YES NO Observation Is training documentation current? YES NO Observation Are associates wearing proper safety gear? YES NO Observation Are SOP’s available? YES NO Observation Are SOP’s current? YES NO Observation Is quality being measured YES NO Observation Is sampling being conducted in random fashion YES NO Observation Is sampling meeting it’s sample size target? YES NO Observation Are control charts in control YES NO Observation Are control charts current? YES NO Observation Is the process capability index >1.0? YES NO

#DIV/0!

Auditor Comments

Audit Checklist

Individual Auditor Rating (Circle Rating)

Number of Out of Compliance Observations Total Observations Audit Yield Corrective Actions Required

 

 

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seemed to be an issue, and training was completed to ensure everyone was heating

the product to the same temperature.

Preventative maintenance and training ensure the variation is minimized and continues

monthly and quarterly.

The successes of the project are as follows:

 Identified root causes for variation issues.

 Identified a successful recipe for the Nova Point.

 Removed waste from the process.

Lean Six Sigma Tools Used

 Project charter

 Process mapping

 Value stream mapping

 Pareto charting

 Root cause analysis

 Cause and effect diagrams

 5 Whys

 Graphical analysis

 Control plan

 Kanban

 Audit

 

  • Executive Summary
    • Methodology
    • What Is Lean?
  • Introduction
  • Identify Value
    • Deliverable Module 3
    • PROJECT CHARTER PURPOSE
    • PROJECT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
    • PROJECT OVERVIEW
    • PROJECT GOALS
    • Deliverable Module 4
    • Conclusion of Identify Value
  • Map the Value Stream
    • Deliverable Module 4
    • Steps to Conducting a Fishbone or Cause-and-Effect Diagram
    • Deliverable Module 5
    • Deliverable Module 5
    • Conclusion of Map the Value Stream
  • Create Flow
    • Deliverable Module 5
    • Deliverable Module 6
    • Conclusion of Create Flow
  • Establish Pull
    • Conclusion of Establish Pull
    • Deliverable Module 6
  • Seek Perfection
    • Deliverable Module 7
    • Deliverable Module 7
    • Deliverable Module 7
    • Conclusion to Project

Module 3 Project Deliverable: Project Charter

 
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