SCIN 130 Lab 4: Stickleback Evolution,

November 16, 2023/in Uncategorized /by admin

SCIN 130 Lab 4: Stickleback Evolution,.

SCIN 130 Lab 4: Stickleback Evolution, Part 2

General Instructions

Be sure to read the general instructions from the Lessons portion of the class prior to completing this packet.

Remember, you are to upload this packet with your quiz for the week!

Background

In this experiment, you will analyze the pelvic structures of stickleback fish collected from two lakes around Cook Inlet, Alaska, to determine whether there are significant differences between the two populations. You will then use your data and information about the lakes to draw conclusions about the possible environmental factors affecting the evolution of pelvis morphology.

Specific Lab Instructions

Name:

Date:

Return to: The Virtual Stickleback Evolution Lab

You are going to perform Experiment 2 for the Stickleback lab this week.

Begin with Tutorial 2. When you are comfortable scoring a pelvis in fossil fish, you may move on (Note: it is a little more difficult in fossils than live fish, so you may want to spend a little time here).

1. What score would you assign to a fossil specimen that has only one pelvic spine visible?

2. A stickleback fossil may show no signs of pelvic structures. What are possible sources of error associated with scoring the pelvis of such a fossil as “absent”?

When you feel you have mastered scoring fossils, you may move on to Experiment 2.

1. In your own words describe the overall objective of Experiment 2 and explain what the data you collect will allow you to estimate.

2. What is one type of information that researchers can gain from studying fossils that they cannot obtain from living populations?

SCIN130 Lab 4: Stickleback Evolution, Part 2

V1 04.2018 Felicetti

Page 1 of 9

Begin the experiment in the window on the left. Complete Part 1: Preparing Fossils (click on the bench to get started).

3. You will collect data on pelvic structures using fossils from rock layers 2 and 5. Approximately how many years of deposition separate these two layers?

4. Which layer is older, 2 or 5? Explain your answer.

Complete Part 2 of the lab in the window on the left.

Score Your Fossils

5. Based on the pelvic phenotypes you measured, do the fossils in layer 2 differ from those in layer 5? Explain how.

6. After your collect data for the pelvic phenotype in layers 2 and 5, add your totals, and submit. As in lab 3, you may use the graph feature in the program as it works fine, or you can create your own Excel graph. Insert a screenshot here.

7. How do your data compare to those collected by Dr. Bell and colleagues?

8. Take the quiz. What can be inferred about the presence or absence of predatory fish when the Truckee Formation was a lake? Describe the evidence.

9. After completing the quiz, click on Experiment 2 Analysis.

10.

11. Complete the tables below as you perform the rate calculations. (The link to the instructions is very helpful.)

Sample Layer

Number of Fish with a Complete Pelvis

Total Number of Fish Sampled

Relative Frequency of Complete Pelvis Trait in Population Sampled

Time	Decrease in Percentage of Complete Pelvis Trait per Thousand Years (Rate of Change)
First 3,000 years (Layer 1 to Layer 2)
Next 3,000 years (Layer 2 to Layer 3)
Next 3,000 years (Layer 3 to Layer 4)
Next 3,000 years (Layer 4 to Layer 5)
Next 3,000 years (Layer 5 to Layer 6)
Total 15,000 years (Layer 1 to Layer 6)

1. What does it mean when the rate of change is a negative number?

2. Complete the Analysis Quiz.

3. Describe the trend in the data over time.

4. Why is it important to calculate the rate of change over time?

6. In what way is the change in the complete pelvis phenotype in the fossils from the Nevada lakebed similar to what might have occurred in Bear Paw Lake from Experiment 1?

Adapted from: Brokaw, A. (2013). Stickleback Evolution Virtual Lab. HHMI Biointeractive Teaching Materials.

SCIN 130 Lab 4: Stickleback Evolution,

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Which of these would be a valid hypothesis?

November 16, 2023/in Uncategorized /by admin

Which of these would be a valid hypothesis?.

MULTIPLECHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. The Multiple Choice section is worth 40 points.

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor.

1. Which of these would be a valid hypothesis?

A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events.

B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species.

C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding.

D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

2. In the scientific method, a hypothesis .

A) is a statement of fact

B) can only be tested once

C) is usually proven to be correct

D) is a proposed explanation based on observations

E) none of the above

3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method?

I. State the problem

II. Analyze and interpret the data

III. Share the results with other scientists

IV. Develop a hypothesis

V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis

A) I → II → III → IV → V

B) III → I → V → II → IV

C) V →IV → III → II → I

D) I → IV → V → II → III

E) V → II → I → III → IV

4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments?

A) In the experimental group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the control group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made.

B) In the control group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the experimental group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made.

C) In the experimental group, a chosen variable plus all other variables are altered.

In the control group, the chosen variable is altered; however, all other variables are held constant.

D) In the experimental and control groups, two different variables are altered.

E) Experimental and control group experiments are identical and run in parallel to get repeatable results.

5. Which of the following can be considered definitions of “theory”?

A) A theory can be an explanation of scientific laws

B) A theory is a widely accepted integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, each supported by a large body of observations and experiments

C) A theory is a condensation and simplification of many data that previously appeared unrelated

D) A theory is a prediction for new data suggesting new relationships among a range of natural phenomena

E) All of the above

6. You have formulated a hypothesis that light is not necessary for seed germination.

To test your hypothesis, one set of maple seeds is placed in light with warm temperatures and adequate moisture. Another set of identical seeds is placed in the dark under the same set of conditions. The control in the experiment is

A) seeds in the dark

B) seeds in the light

C) warm temperature

D) adequate moisture

E) germination rate

7. A newly discovered multicellular organism obtains food by digesting dead organisms. Such an organism is most likely a member of the kingdom .

A) Plantae

B) Fungi

C) Protista

D) Animalia

8. Which of the following structures can perform all the activities required for life?

A) organelles

B) nuclei

C) DNA molecules

D) cells

E) plasma membrane

9. A group of medical researchers recently tested the effects of a cholesterol- lowering medication, Drug A, on women who had high blood levels of cholesterol. The researchers did the following experiment and obtained the indicated results. One group of 150 women took a tablet containing 40 mg of Drug A for 90 days; 120 of this group decreased their blood levels of cholesterol by at least 10%. Another group of 150 women was given a tablet with no added Drug A for 90 days; 25 of these women decreased their blood levels of cholesterol by at least 10%.

Which of the following is the most reasonable and accurate conclusion based on results obtained in this experiment?

A) Drug A is good for women.

B) Drug A is found in the blood of women.

C) Women taking tablets supplemented with Drug A will show a decrease in cholesterol levels in the blood.

D) Women taking tablets supplemented with Drug A will show an increase in cholesterol levels in the blood.

E) Blood levels of cholesterol are not affected by oral supplementation of Drug A.

10. Using the branching tree of life for bears depicted in the accompanying figure, choose from among the following bear species the one that is most closely related to the polar

bear.

A) brown bear

B) sun bear

C) spectacled bear

D) giant panda

Page 4 of 25 © UMUC

11. What are the products in the following chemical reaction?

C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O

A) CO2 and H2O

B) C6H12O6, H2O, and O2

C) O2 only

D) C6H12O6, H2O, O2, CO2, and H2O

12. Relative to a pH of 3, a pH of 7 has a .

A) 400 times lower H+ concentration

B) 10,000 times lower H+ concentration

C) 4 times higher H+ concentration

D) 10,000 times higher H+ concentration

13. A substrate binds to an enzyme by interacting with amino acids in the ?

A) dehydration reaction

B) binding site

C) hydrolysis site

D) denaturation portal

14. Which component of the following reaction is the substrate, and which is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose

A) sucrose is the substrate, and sucrase is the enzyme

B) sucrase is the substrate, and sucrose is the enzyme

C) glucose is the substrate, and water is the enzyme

D) fructose is the substrate, and glucose is the enzyme

15. If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the complementary DNA strand?

A) GACGTCA

B) UCAUGAC

C) GUCAUGA

D) TCATGAC

E) impossible to tell from the information provided.

16. One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells.

A) are found in animals, while plants are comprised of

B) have membrane-enclosed organelles, which are lacking in

C) have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in

D) have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in

17. A protist that contains contractile vacuoles in its cytoplasm most likely lives

A) in a marine environment

B) within the cells of another organism

C) in fresh water

D) where it can climb on vertical surfaces

18. Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are .

A) surrounded by two membranes

B) green

C) manufactured by the nucleolus

D) able to synthesize lipids

19. The endomembrane system includes .

A) ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

B) Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

C) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

20. Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated within the cell than in the surroundings?

A) active transport

B) facilitated diffusion

C) diffusion

D) osmosis

21. If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?

A) expulsion of water by the plant cell’s central vacuole

B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water

C) the relative impermeability of the plant’s nuclear membrane to water

D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

22. Which of the following is not a common feature shared by all metabolic pathways?

A) Each pathway contains multiple intermediate products, and there are small molecular differences between the intermediates.

B) Each pathway is regulated to ensure the optimal use of resources and to maintain the health of the cell.

C) Many pathways are universal among living organisms.

D) Each step within the pathway, or the conversion from one intermediate to the next, is catalyzed by a nucleic acid with a reactive R group.

Use the following information to answer questions 23-24 below.

A group of medical researchers recently investigated the effects of Drug X on lowering blood pressure in a group of hypertensive middle-aged men. The researchers did the following experiment and obtained the indicated results: One group of 150 men took a tablet containing Drug X for 3 weeks – 95 of these men decreased their blood pressure by at least 10% (three men from this group dropped out of the study). Another group of 150 men was given a tablet with no added Drug X for 3 weeks – 10 of these men decreased their blood pressure by at least 10% (two men from this group dropped out of the study).

23. Which of the following was the control group in this experiment?

A) the group of participants that received tablets containing Drug X

B) the group of participants that received tablets that did not contain Drug X

C) the number of participants in each group at the beginning of the experiment

D) the number of participants in each group at the end of the experiment

E) the amount of Drug X contained in the tablet

24. Which of the following is the most reasonable and accurate conclusion based on the results obtained in this experiment?

A) Drug X is good for hypertensive men

B) Drug X is good for both men and women

C) Hypertensive men receiving Drug X for 3 weeks may show a decrease in blood pressure

D) Hypertensive men receiving Drug X for 3 weeks may show an increase in blood pressure

E) Drug X has no effect on blood pressure

25. Plant cells .

A) do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs

B) have chloroplasts and mitochondria

C) use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen

D) do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs

E) are prokaryotic

26. The ultimate source of the energy in food is .

A) the sun

B) producers

C) ATP

D) consumers

E) lipids and nucleic acids

27. What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

A) C6H12O6

B) glucose

C) ATP

D) fat

28. child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that .

A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

B) the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise

C) the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function

D) the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid

29. The disease gonorrhea has become increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. What is the most likely scientific explanation?

A) The gonorrhea bacteria learned to avoid antibiotics.

B) The gonorrhea bacteria changed their genes when they sensed antibiotics.

C) Antibiotic-sensitive gonorrhea bacteria died out, but antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea bacteria have flourished and persisted.

D) The antibiotic increased the mutation rate in the gonorrhea bacteria.

E) both b and d.

30. Which statement best describes the relationship between plants and animals on earth?

A) Plants produce O2 and sugars from CO2

B) Animals produce CO2 and H2O from sugars and O2

C) Plants produce O2 and sugars and animals produce CO2 and H2O

D) Animals produce O2 and sugars and plants produce CO2 and H2O

31. Think of the cell as a factory, in which the organelles are specialized sites of production. All cells have a power plant, the mitochondrion. Plant cells have an additional “reactor” for the production of usable energy. It is called the

A) Golgi body

B) rough endoplasmic reticulum

C) central vacuole

D) vesicle

E) chloroplast

32. A researcher planted seeds from four types of quinoa (Types A, B, C, and D) in a greenhouse to determine which type of quinoa grew the tallest. The plants were grown for 10 days and measured. The results are shown below. Choose the data set that demonstrates that Type C quinoa grew the tallest. A) A = 30 cm, B = 21 cm, C= 15 cm, D= 12 cm.

B) A = 22 cm, B = 11 cm, C= 25 cm, D= 4 cm

C) A = 2 cm, B = 5 cm, C= 1 cm, D= 2 cm

D) A = 30 cm, B = 12 cm, C= 28 cm, D= 1 cm

E) A = 21 cm, B = 12 cm, C= 20 cm, D= 15 cm

33. replicated chromosome consists of two joined at the .

A) diploid genes; locus

B) homologous chromosomes; crossing over point

C) genomes: centrosome

D) sister chromatids; centromere

34. Homologous chromosomes .

A) carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

B) include only the autosomes

C) are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent

D) carry the same versions of all genes

35. In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II?

A) During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells.

B) During prophase I chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell; during

prophase II the chromosomes line up in double file in the middle of the cell.

C) During prophase I the chromosomes coil up; the chromosomes are not coiled up during prophase II.

D) In prophase I the sister chromatids are attached; in prophase II the sister chromatids are separated.

36. Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Which is it?

A) the events of meiosis I

B) crossing over

C) independent assortment

D) the events of meiosis II

37. purebred plant that produces red seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces yellow seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are red. Why?

A) The red allele is recessive to the yellow allele.

B) All of the offspring are homozygous red.

C) The red allele is dominant to the yellow allele.

D) The alleles are codominant.

38. This diagram of the human life cycle shows that .

A) meiosis produces a diploid zygote

B) meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells

C) fertilization produces a haploid zygote

D) a diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce an adult human

39. Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?

A) genotypic ratio = 2:1…phenotypic ratio = 50% attached earlobes: 25% free earlobes

B) genotypic ratio = 2:2 …phenotypic ratio = 2 attached earlobes: 2 free earlobes

C) genotypic ratio = 1:2:1…phenotypic ratio = 1 attached earlobes: 2: semi-detached earlobes: 1 free earlobes

D) genotypic ratio = 3:1…phenotypic ratio = 1 attached earlobes: 3 free earlobes

40. couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?

A) 25%

B) 50%

C) 33%

D) 67%

41. What is the key to recognizing polygenic inheritance?

A) A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait.

B) All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed.

C) Pleiotropy occurs.

D) The trait varies along a continuum in the population.

Please read the following scenario to answer the following question.

Widow’s peak, a pointed hairline on the forehead, is a genetic trait caused by a somatic dominant allele. It can be traced back through a family’s history using pedigree analysis. The pedigree shown here shows three generations of a family. Notice that some individuals (shown in gray) have a widow’s peak (W = dominant allele and w = recessive allele).

42. Janice’s genotype is .

A) Ww

B) WW

C) ww

D) WW or Ww

43. After replication, .

A) each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands

B) each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

C) each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

D) one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

44. Translation converts the information stored in to .

A) DNA… RNA

B) RNA… a polypeptide

C) DNA… a polypeptide

D) RNA… DNA

45. What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?

A) one

B) two

C) three

D) four

46. What is the ultimate source of all diversity?

A) natural selection

B) sexual recombination

C) meiosis

D) mutation

Please read the following scenario to answer the following two question(s).

While working with cultured mouse cells, a researcher unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that causes the deletion or insertion of individual nucleotides in DNA. Subsequently, she isolated and cultured a single cell from this group. She noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and that this affected their survival.

47. The mutation that resulted from her accident was probably .

A) an amino acid substitution

B) one that changed the triplet grouping of the genetic message

C) an error in translation

D) a loss in regulation of gene expression

48. The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in .

A) a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

B) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence

C) a single nucleotide in the middle of an intron

D) deletion of a triplet near the middle of the gene

49. How are cells in different body tissues able to perform different functions?

A) The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.

B) Different chromosomes have been inactivated in different cells.

C) The cells contain different genes in their nuclei.

D) The mutations that have accumulated in the cells of the different tissues control functions.

50. Genetically modifying human cells may directly affect future generations.

A) intestinal

B) immune

C) gamete

D) somatic

E) B and D only

51. Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include .

A) the potential for interfering in evolution

B) the safety of GM foods

C) the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases

D) all of the above

52. Which of the following are homologous?

A) the forelimb of a dog and the hindlimb of a cat

B) the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

C) wings of a butterfly and wings of a sparrow

D) the mouth of a mosquito and the beak of a hummingbird

53. The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of

A) analogy

B) common ancestry

C) genetic drift

D) convergent evolution

54. Which one of the following statements is true?

A) Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

B) Natural selection works on non-heritable traits.

C) Individuals evolve through natural selection.

D) Organisms evolve structures that they need.

55. What does evolutionary fitness measure?

A) physical health of individuals

B) longevity

C) relative reproductive success within a population

D) population size and dispersion

56. Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?

A) directional selection

B) mutation

C) stabilizing selection

D) diversifying selection

57. In the soil, some convert nitrogen to a form that can be used by plants.

A) protists

B) animals

C) protozoans

D) prokaryotes

58. The evolved from small prokaryotes that established residence within other, larger prokaryotes.

A) vacuoles and lysosomes

B) Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

C) centrioles and ribosomes

D) mitochondria and chloroplasts

59. What type of interspecific interaction is described by a small fish that eats parasites from mouths of larger fish?

A) mutualism

B) herbivory

C) parasitism

D) pollination

60. Antibiotic resistance is an example of what type of evolution?

A) Allopatric.

B) Microevolution.

C) Gene pool magnification

D) Macroevolution.

61. Biomedical researchers study species as disparate as worms, fruit flies, mice, zebrafish, or rhesus monkeys to understand our genes, and even our diseases. Why?

A) Because these species have many inherited features that are very similar to our own.

B) Because these species are all prokaryotes, and therefore their genes are 99.9% identical to one another

C) Because they make up an interconnected food web when bacteria are added

D) Because rhesus monkeys gave us the Rh+ factor when they bit our ancestors

62. Unique features of all vertebrates include the presence of a(n) .

A) scales

B) mammary glands

C) skull and backbone

D) amnion

63. Consider the following food chain: A barn owl eats a shrew. This shrew has eaten a grasshopper. The grasshopper has eaten the leaves of a clover plant and a maple tree. What organisms are on the first trophic level?

A) the barn owl

B) the shrew

C) the grasshopper

D) the barn owl, the shrew and the grasshopper

E) the clover plant and maple tree

64. Water moves from land to the atmosphere through .

A) precipitation only

B) transpiration only

C) transpiration and evaporation

D) evaporation and precipitation

65. According to this evolutionary tree, approximately how many years ago did humans and orangutans share a common ancestor?

A) 1 million years ago

B) 7 million years ago

C) 12 million years ago

D) 20 million years ago

66. Which of the following is not a result of global warming?

A) changes in the breeding seasons of some species.

B) decreasing sea levels.

C) melting permafrost.

D) shifts in the ranges of some species.

67. Which of the following are not examples of renewable resources?

A) Biofuels produced from plants or plant-derived by-products such as crop wastes.

B) Power supplied by human labor or livestock.

C) Fertilizers made from animal manure and composted plants.

D) Metal, cement, and glass, made using mined materials.

Please read the following scenario to answer the following two question(s).

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during the first year of their life, the young salmon migrate up to 1,000 km to the ocean. They spend varying amounts of time in the ocean (ranging up to five years), where they feed and grow, rapidly acquiring more than 95% of their biomass during this period. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams where they spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The male fertilizes the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter.

68. The physiological response that allows salmon to survive in fresh water, then in salt water, and then fresh water again is an example of .

A) a behavioral response

B) evolution

C) acclimation

D) an anatomical response

69. At different times in their lives, salmon can be found in all of the following

except .

A) a freshwater biome

B) a chaparral

C) the pelagic realm

D) an estuary

70. In an ideal, unlimited environment, what shape does a population’s growth curve most closely resemble?

A) S

B) J

C) ∧

D) ∪

71. According to the logistic growth model, what happens to a population when the size of the population reaches carrying capacity?

A) The growth rate remains unchanged.

B) The growth rate begins to decrease in size.

C) The population crashes.

D) The growth rate is zero.

72. Non-native species can have influence biological communities by .

A) preying upon native species

B) competing with native species for resources

C) reducing biodiversity

D) doing all of the above

73. species exerts a particularly strong influence on an ecosystem out of proportion to its size or abundance; its decline or extinction can cause a cascade of future extinctions within an ecosystem.

A) commensal

B) trophic

C) keystone

D) groundwater

74. An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is .

A) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae

B) cryptic coloration in frogs

C) herbivory

D) the relationship between Virginia’s warblers and orange-crowned warblers, which use some of the same resources

75. Populations of two coexisting species are both tertiary consumers in a community. What relationship may exist between these two organisms?

A) predation

B) mutualism

C) competition

D) commensalism

76. On average, only about of the available energy in one trophic level is incorporated and stored as calories in the bodies of the next level up.

A) 10%

B) one-third C) 50%

D) 75%

77. The primary goal of conservation biology is to by .

A) catalog species; protecting federally listed endangered species

B) maximize the land set aside for wildlife; countering pollution

C) integrate human culture back into nature; maintaining genetic diversity within species

D) counter the loss of biodiversity; sustaining entire ecosystems and habitats

Use the following information to answer the following three questions.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent.

78. Based on the relationship between Plasmodium spp. and humans, these organisms would be considered .

A) parasites

B) hosts

C) producers

D) carnivores

79. Humans, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium together would be considered a(n)

A) population

B) community

C) ecosystem

D) population and community

80. Despite being used for many years, quinine-based drugs have not led to the eradication of malaria and currently there are mosquitoes that are resistant to the compound. Which of the following were likely important in the development of this resistance to quinine?

A) natural selection

B) mutualism

C) interspecific competition

D) biological magnification

****************************************************************************************************

TERM or CONCEPT	Answer	Definition/Association
1. genetic drift		A. DNA molecule with attached proteins
2. chromosome		B. a haploid cell that combines with another haploid cell during fertilization
3. crossing over		C. a specific portion of a chromosome that contains information for a particular inherited trait
4. gamete		D. New species form in geographically isolated populations
5. gene		E. an interaction during meiosis in which chromatids exchange segments; results in genetic recombination
6. germ cell		F. a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
7. sympatric speciation		G. the process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mRNA transcript
8. mitosis		H. the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template
9. translation		I. the type of cell division which is used in asexual reproduction and tissue growth and repair
10. transcription		J. the type of cell division responsible for gamete formation and sexual reproduction
11. allopatric speciation		L. a type of cell whose primary function is the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction
12. meiosis		M. New species form within populations in the same geographic area

MATCHING SECTION #1 (6 points)

MATCHING SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. Type in the letter you select from the right column as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor.

TERM or CONCEPT	Answer	Definition/Association
1. microtubules		A. contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
2. chloroplasts		B. are primary cellular structures (or components) where proteins are assembled
3. Golgi bodies		C. package cellular secretions for export
4. DNA molecules		D. extract energy stored in carbohydrates; synthesize ATP; produce water and carbon dioxide
5. RNA molecules		E. synthesize subunits that will be assembled into two part ribosomes in the cytoplasm
6. central vacuoles		F. translate hereditary instructions into specific proteins
7. lysosomes		G. increase cell surface area; store substances
8. mitochondria		H. encode hereditary information
9. nucleoli		I. help distribute chromosomes to the new cells during cell division
10. ribosomes		J. convert light energy to chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose or starch

FILL IN THE BLANK SECTION (12 points)

INSTRUCTIONS: Provide the best answer for the items below. Each item is worth three (3) points. Please answer all questions in this section. Type in your best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor.

1. You take a sample from a mysterious “blob” that has washed up on the shore of a nearby lake, and view the cells and their contents under a very high-resolution microscope. You can see that the cells are polygonal and you can identify the cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the nucleus, and some Golgi bodies. You conclude that it must be a cell.

2. A resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions.

MATCHING SECTION #2 (5 points)

3. A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids. What macromolecule can be built directly from amino acids?

4. selection can lead to a balance of two or more contrasting phenotypes in a population.

SHORT ANSWER SECTION

INSTRUCTIONS: Each question is worth two (2) points. Total points for this section is 12 points. Complete 6 questions in this Short Answer Section.

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type your answers into the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor.

1. Lithops, also called Stoneplants, are a type of plant that resembles little stones. These plants have the ability to blend in with their surrounding, which affords them protection from predators. If you were in an area containing Lithops, describe four characteristics you could identify to distinguish these plants from the stones they mimic.

2. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown. Typically, the prairie receives adequate water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers? How might this change in a drought year?

3. DNA and RNA are similar yet distinct components of the cell. Describe three differences between RNA and DNA with respect to their chemical composition and structure. Describe in detail each characteristic you chose in your response.

4. When does a logistic population growth curve show the highest rate of growth? Why?

5. Soil pH determine what types of plants will grow the best. If soil is too acidic, lime can be added, and if it is too basic, peat moss can be added. You test your soil and find that its pH is 3.5, and you want to grow cucumbers, which prefer to grow in soils in the 7.5-

8.5 range. Would you add lime or peat moss to adjust your soil’s pH? Why?

6. The total solute concentration in a red blood cell is about 1-2%. Sucrose cannot pass through a red blood cell’s plasma membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis will cause a red blood cell to expand the most when placed in which of the following solutions? Explain your answer.

A. a hypertonic sucrose solution

B. a hypotonic sucrose solution

C. a hypertonic urea solution

D. a hypotonic urea solution

ESSAY SECTION

ESSAY. Eight Essays @ 10 points each. Total points for this section is 80 points. INSTRUCTIONS: Choose and answer eight (8) essay questions from the list below. The full number of points will be awarded for accurate and complete answers. Partial credit will be given for less than thorough answers, so answer eight essay questions from the list. If you answer more than eight, I will grade the first eight that you answer. Remember to address all parts of a question.

**Do not enter your answers here.** Type your answers into the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor. Indicate the number of the question you selected on the answer sheet.

1. Before bringing a new drug to the marketplace, extensive testing is done on the drug by administering the drug to large numbers of individuals. Explain the importance of the scientific method, sample size, controls and variable in the drug evaluation process.

2. List the four “large molecules of life.” Identify their composition (building blocks) and structure, and describe one function they each perform in the cell.

3. How can you explain the occurrence of birth defects (caused by altered genes) in children and grandchildren of WWII atomic bomb victims, when the victims themselves were only mildly affected?

4. During the past 50 years, more than 200 species of insects that attack crop plants have become highly resistant to DDT and other pesticides. Based on what you have learned in this class regarding evolution, explain the rapid and widespread evolution of resistance. Now that DDT has been banned in the US, what do you expect to happen to levels of resistance to DDT among insect populations in the US? Why?

5. Water is crucial for life as we know it. One of the most important characteristics of water is its ability to act as a solvent. Explain why water is such a good solvent for polar and charged molecules.

6. Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable cancers today. In fact, there are very few known cancers for which smoking is not considered a risk factor. The relationship between cigarette smoking and disease has been studied for years. How can this problem be studied at many different levels of biological organization? Give some examples.

7. Predict what will happen in the following experiment based on what you know about photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

a. You place a plant alone in a covered airtight container in the presence of sunlight.

Assume a watering system is provided. What will happen to the plant (will it live or die), and why?

b. You place a butterfly alone in a covered airtight container with nectar and a source of water. What will happen to the butterfly, and why?

c. You place a plant and a butterfly together in a covered airtight container with food, water, and sunlight. What will happen to the plant and the butterfly, and why?

8. a. You are comparing two cells. One cell is very small, and the other cell is huge.

Under which conditions would you expect the larger cell to be more successful, or the small cell to be more successful? Give a specific explanation for your answer.

b. Explain why animal cells would be unable to exist without the presence of plant cells. Is this relationship reciprocal?

9. Two examples of chemotherapeutic drugs (used to treat cancer) and their cellular actions are given below. Explain why each drug could be fatal to a cancer cell.

a. Vincristine: damages the mitotic spindle

b. Adriamycin: binds to DNA and blocks messenger RNA synthesis

c. Compare and contrast tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Which of these must mutate to produce cancer?

10. a. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease. Two parents do not have cystic fibrosis; however, their child does. Fully explain how this could have happened using a Punnett square.

b. Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? Explain your answer using a Punnett square.

10. With the ability to clone animals, such as endangered species, their population numbers can be increased in a short time. How would cloning a population of animals from a one or a few individuals impact these populations from the perspective of the gene pool and genetic variability?

11. a. Explain why it takes about the same amount of photosynthetic productivity to produce 10 kilograms of corn as 1 kilogram of bacon.

b. Why do food chains and food webs typically have only three to five levels?

BONUS QUESTIONS (6 points)

Instructions: Type in the letter that represents your best answer to the questions below. Each question is worth 2 points. Total points for this section is 6 points; no penalty for incorrect answers.

1. Which of the following demonstrates the correct use of a parenthetical in-text citation formatted in APA style?

A) According to Simon, Dickey and Reece, roughly half the corn crop in the U.S. is genetically modified. (2013).

B) Glycolysis produces O2 even in the absence of oxygen. Simon, Dickey and Reece, (Essential Biology)

C) According to Simon, Dickey and Reece (2013), vacuoles bud from the ER, Golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane.

D) Gel electrophoresis has many uses besides STR analysis. (Simon, Dickey & Reece, 2013)

E) An endospore is a thick-coated protective cell produced within a prokaryotic cell under harsh conditions (Essential Biology, Simon, Dickey & Reece).

F. None of the above.

2. Which of the following journal articles is documented correctly in APA style?

A) Madison, Portia Lee. “How exams affect heart rate.” Journal of Cardiac Stress. 26.2 (2005): 168-180.

B) Madison, P. L. (2005). How exams affect heart rate. Journal of Cardiac Stress, 26(2), 168-180.

C) Portia Lee Madison, 2005, How exams affect heart rate, Journal of Cardiac Stress, Volume 26, (2), 168-180.

D) Journal of Cardiac Stress. (2005). How exams affect heart rate. P. L. Madison. P.

168.

E) Madison, Portia L. (2005). “How exams affect heart rate.” Journal of Cardiac Stress.

26.2 (2005): 168-180.

F. None of the above.

3. For APA format, the reference sources at the end of your paper should be

A) numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text of the paper.

B) listed under separate subheadings according to the type of source (book, film journal article, website, etc.).

C) listed first by sources with authors, then by those without authors, then by those without publication years.

D) in alphabetical order by authors’ surname or by organization (if there is no author), regardless of the type of reference (book, film journal article, website, etc.).

E) in order of publication year (oldest references first, then the most recent last).

You have completed the exam.

Congratulations on completing BIO 103

[Type text]

Which of these would be a valid hypothesis?

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Energy Drinks Case

November 16, 2023/in Uncategorized /by admin

Energy Drinks Case. A Can of Bull? Do Energy Drinks Really Provide a Source of Energy?

by Merle Heidemann, Division of Science and Mathematics Education, Michigan State University

Gerald Urquhart, Lyman Briggs School of Science, Michigan State University

Objectives • Describe and categorize chemically the components of various popular “energy drinks.” • Determine the physiological role of these components in the human body. • Explain scientifically how the marketing claims for these drinks are supported (or not). • Determine under what conditions each of the “energy drinks” might be useful to the consumer.

The Case After spending several years working the Sport’s Desk of the Lansing State Journal, Rhonda had landed the job of her dreams as a writer for Runners’ World magazine. Te job was fantastic! Since high school, where she had excelled in cross country, Rhonda had been a consistent runner, participating in local races and those assigned to her for her job. For her last assignment, she had run and reported on the Leadwood, South Dakota, marathon—it was a blast!

As if reading her mind, her boss Charley walked in just then with a can of XS Citrus Blast® in one hand and a list of several other energy drinks in the other.

“We’ve been getting a lot of inquiries about the different energy drinks on the market, including XS Citrus Blast®. Do you know anything about them?” Charley asked.

“I know that people use them for various reasons,” replied Rhonda. “It seems they’re primarily used by athletes to provide some ‘fuel’ as they practice and compete. Other people use them more casually as a way to become ‘energized.’ Tat’s about all I know.”

“Tat seems to be about all any of us knows,” Charley said.

“For your next assignment,” Charley continued, “I want you to find out what each of the ingredients in these drinks is and what it does for a runner or for a non-athlete. You need to be very accurate in your analysis—determine what each component really does for the body, not what the marketers want you to believe it does. Ten look at the marketing claims of some of these drinks and see if the scientific facts match up to them. Many of our readers are using these drinks with some general notion that they’re helpful, but they’re basing their use of them on no scientific information. I’ve got the marketing claims, a list of ingredients and nutrition facts provided on the cans for consumers, and a short list of questions that should get you started. When you research these, be sure to document all your sources of information, keeping in mind that all resources are not equal. Here’s the information.”

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 1

With that, Charley left the office. Rhonda looked over the list. “Guess I’ll have to brush up on my biochemistry. No problem. I’m interested in knowing if my running would be improved by drinking this stuff .”

Rhonda recalled that a food’s calorie content was the simplest reflection of its energy content. Looking at Charley’s list she saw that the different energy drinks contained the following numbers of calories:

Energy Drink Calories: XS Citrus Blast® 8 Red Bull® 110 Sobe Adrenaline Rush® 140 Impulse® 110 For comparison: Coca Cola® (12 oz) 140

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 2

Marketing Claims Next, Rhonda perused the marketing claims for each drink:

Red Bull® • Te Red Bull energy drink is a functional product developed especially for periods of increased mental

and physical exertion. • It can be drunk in virtually any situation: at sport, work, study, driving and socializing. • Improves performance, especially during times of increased stress or strain. • Improves concentration and reaction speed. • Stimulates the metabolism.

XS Citrus Blast® • Tere is less than / calorie of sugar in XS Citrus Blast. T is qualifies for the government-approved

statement “No Sugar.” Te 8 calories in XS Citrus Blast are from amino acids and are protein calories that aid your body’s natural metabolic process.

• Most -ounce energy drinks in the market today have over  calories and from  to  grams of sugar, which is a simple carbohydrate. Most 12-ounce non-diet soft drinks have  calories from  grams of sugar. Most .-ounce juice drinks have 80 calories from  grams of sugar.

• Calories from sugar and carbohydrates may increase fat deposits. Simple carbohydrates are also called high glycemic (high sugar) foods. High glycemic foods cause your body to pump insulin to digest the sugar, which sends a message to your body to store calories as fat. Low glycemic foods do not pump insulin to the same degree and aid in your body’s natural metabolism of fat, using your body’s fat resources as fuel. Many experts fear that the epidemic incidence of diabetes in North America today may be significantly contributed to by high-glycemic diets. Te 8 calories in XS Citrus Blast are from amino acids and are protein calories that aid your body’s natural metabolic process.

• XS Citrus Blast uses a proprietary blend of Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium (Ace K), and fruit essences to give the drinks their great flavor without sugar or empty calories. In fact, the 8 calories in the drink come from the 2 grams of amino acids, which are protein calories.

Sobe Adrenaline Rush® • Tis maximum energy supplement delivers an energy boost with a natural passion fruit fl avor. It’s

lightly carbonated with a clean smooth feel. • Tis maximum energy supplement is fortified with a unique blend of natural energizing elements,

including d-ribose, l-carnitine and taurine. It’s pure, concentrated energy in an .-fl uid-ounce can.

Impulse® • Elevate Your Performance • Impulse Energy Drink contains special supplements to immediately enhance mental and physical

efficiency and give you the energy boost you deserve… replenishing your strength. • Impulse gets its energy from a simple source: nutrients, minerals, and vitamins that occur naturally in the

body and foods we eat. Enjoy: the wake-up power of caffeine, the alertness-inducing properties of taurine, the lift you get from vitamins B6 and B12. Combined with Impulse’s other ingredients, these are known to increase mental focus and physical well being, enhance performance, and accelerate metabolism.

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 3

Charley’s List of Questions Rhonda realized that before she could start analyzing the energy drinks, she needed to know the answer to the following question:

When we say that something gives us “energy,” what does that mean? What is a biological defi nition of energy?

After satisfying herself that she had a good definition, she turned to the first set of questions on Charley’s list.

. What is the nature (sugar, amino acid, vitamin, etc.) of each ingredient listed on the cans? . What is the physiological role of each in the human body? . Which ingredients provide energy? . Which ingredients contribute to body repair, i.e., which help build or rebuild muscle tissue?

Rhonda was determined to wade through the confusing labeling of the drinks. For example, XS Citrus Blast® boasted that it had no calories but still provided “energy.” Tat made absolutely no sense based on what Rhonda knew about biological energy! T e first thing she needed to do was sort out the various ingredients on the labels—a task that consumers rarely undertake.

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 4

Ingredients & Nutrition Facts As in most labels, listed in order of mass in drinks (highest to lowest).

XS Citrus Blast® • Ingredients: carbonated water, l-taurine, l-glutamine, citric acid, adaptogen blend (eleutherococcus

senticosus, panax ginseng, panax quinquefolium, echinacea purpurea, schisandra, astragalus, and reishi), natural flavors, acesulfame potassium, caffeine, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sucralose, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine HCL, yellow 5, cyanocobalamin

• Nutrition Facts: serving size: 8.4 fl oz; servings per container: 1; calories: 8; fat: 0g; sodium: 24mg; potassium: 25mg; total carbs: 0g; sugars: 0g; protein: 2g; vitamin B3: ; vitamin B6: 300%; vitamin B5: ; vitamin B12: 4900%

Red Bull® • Ingredients: carbonated water, sucrose, glucose, sodium citrate, taurine, glucuronolactone, caff eine,

inositol, niacin, D-pantothenol, pyridoxine HCL, vitamin B12, artifi cial fl avors, colors • Nutrition Facts: serving size: 8.3 fl oz; servings per container: 1; amount per serving: calories: 110; total

fat: 0g; sodium: 200mg; protein: 0g; total carbohydrates: 28g; sugars: 27g

Sobe Adrenaline Rush® • Ingredients: filtered water, high fructose corn syrup, citric acid, taurine, d-ribose, l-carnitine, natural

flavor, inositol, sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, caffeine, monopotassium phosphate, salt, gum arabic, ester gum, siberian ginseng root extract, pyridoxine hydrochloride, guarana seed extract, caramel color, beta-carotene, folic acid, cyanocobalamin

• Nutrition Facts: serving size: 8.3 fl oz; servings per container: 1; amount per serving: calories: 140; total fat: 0g; sodium: 60mg; protein: 1g; total carbohydrates: 36g; sugars: 34g; taurine: 1000mg; d-ribose: 500mg; l-carnitine: 250mg; inositol: 100mg; siberian ginseng: 50mg; guarana: 50mg

Impulse® • Ingredients: carbonated water, sucrose, taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, inositol, niacinimide,

pyridoxine HCL, vitamin C (citric acid), vitamin B12, artifi cial fl avors, colors • Nutrition Facts: serving size: 8.3 fl oz; servings per container: 1; calories: 110; fat: 0g; sodium: 200mg;

total carbs: 28g; sugars: 27g; protein: 1g; niacin: 100%; vitamin B6: 250%; vitamin B12: 80%; pantothenic acid: 50%: vitamin C: 100%

Coca Cola® (for later comparison) • Ingredients: carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup and/or sucrose, phosphoric acid, natural fl avors,

caff eine • Nutrition Facts: serving size: 12 fl oz; servings per container: 1; calories: 140; fat: 0g; total carbs: 38g;

sugars: 38 g; protein: 0 g

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 5

Biochemical Information Acesulfame Potassium (Sunett)

• Chemical formula: C4H4KNO4S • What it is: Simple ring structure that resembles glucose • What it does: Artificial sweetener to provide taste.

Aspartame • Chemical formula: C H N O14 18 2 5 • What it is: Dipeptide • What it does: Low calorie artificial sweetener that provides taste.

Caff eine • Chemical formula: C H N O8 10 4 2 • What it is: One of the most widely used psychoactive substances in the world. Caffeine is a mild CNS

stimulant with a transient effect that usually passes within a few hours but varies between individuals. • What it does: Some studies have shown that caffeine may improve memory and reasoning responses

on tests; other studies have shown that ingesting 3-9mg of caffeine one hour before physical activity improves endurance running and cycling in athletes. No adverse effects in humans have been documented.

Citric Acid • Chemical formula: C6H8O7 • What it is: Organic acid • What it does: It is a precursor for the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s Cycle), which is a major pathway in the

cell’s production of chemical energy.

Cyanocobalamin • Chemical formula: C H CoN O P63 88 14 14 • What it is: Synthetic form of Vitamin B-12 • What it does: Important for growth, cell reproduction, blood formation, and protein and tissue

synthesis.

Folic Acid • Chemical formula: C H N O19 19 7 6 • What it is: Vitamin • What it does: Required for metabolism of carbon compounds, nucleic acids, and amino acids.

Fructose • Chemical formula: C6H12O6 • What it is: Simple sugar • What it does: Can be converted into a form for entry into the primary metabolic pathway in which the

chemical energy of its bonds is converted into ATP, the primary “energy” molecule in the body.

Glucose • Chemical formula: C6H12O6 • What it is: Simple sugar • What it does: Enters the primary metabolic pathway in which the chemical energy of its bonds is

converted into ATP, the primary “energy” molecule in the body.

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 6

Glucuronolactone • Chemical formula: C6H6O6 • What it is: Simple saccharide (sugar) • What it does: It is a normal human metabolic byproduct formed from glucose. Glucuronolactone is found

in connective tissue in animals. Also regulates formation of glycogen. Small amounts shouldn’t be harmful.

1-Glutamine • Chemical formula: C5H10N2O3 • What it is: Amino acid • What it does: Aids in muscle building and maintenance.

Inositol • Chemical formula: C6H6(OH)6 • What it is: A sugar that is a member of the Vitamin B complex • What it does: Controls cholesterol levels and has potential antioxidant capabilities.

Niacin (nicotinic acid) • Chemical formula: C6H5NO2 • What it is: Water soluble vitamin • What it does: Derivatives such as NADH are required for metabolism. It is said to aid in the synthesis of

amino acids, the subunits of proteins. It has not been directly linked to improving athletic performance.

Niacinamide • Chemical formula: C6H6N2O • What it is: Water soluble vitamin • What it does: See niacin above; both are components of the coenzymes NAD and NADP, important in

the redox reactions of metabolism.

Pantothenic Acid (also known as D-pantothenol) • Chemical formula: C9H17O5N • What it is: Synthetic form of Vitamin B-5 • What it does: Precursor of coenzyme A. Helps you use fats and carbohydrates to make molecules used

for energy. Is involved in more than 100 different metabolic pathways including energy metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, porphyrins, and hemoglobin. It’s found in a wide array of energy drinks and supplements, but its toxicity has not been evaluated.

Potassium sorbate • Chemical formula: C6H8O2 • What it is: Potassium salt of sorbic acid • What it does: Used to inhibit fungal growth in foods.

Pyridoxine HCL • Chemical formula: C8H11NO3 • What it is: Synthetic form of Vitamin B-6 • What it does: Energy production, efficient metabolic functioning, protein digestion, as well as

maintaining healthy nervous system, skin, hair and nails. Te B-compound vitamins are probably the single most important set of factors needed for proper maintenance of the nervous system as well as proper functioning of the cell and its energy metabolism.

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 7

Sucralose (splenda) • Chemical formula: C H O Cl12 19 8 3 • What it is: Derivative of sucrose • What it does: Artificial sweetener to provide taste.

Sucrose • Chemical formula: C H O12 22 11 • What it is: Simple sugar • What it does: Can be converted into a form for entry into the primary metabolic pathway in which the

chemical energy of its bonds is converted into ATP, the primary “energy” molecule in the body.

1-Taurine • Chemical formula: C2H7NO3S • What it is: A non-essential amino acid • What it does: Improved reaction time, concentration, and memory (not proven); essential amino acid

for cats.

Water • Chemical formula: H2O • What it is: A solvent for the other ingredients • What it does: Essential for physiological processes.

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 8

Your Task Research each ingredient found in these energy drinks. Tis information can be found in biochemistry and nutrition textbooks. Web sources may provide valuable information, but be critical in their use. Many will make unsubstantiated claims. One that can get you started for basic information is http://www.chemindustry.com. Basic information can also be garnered from http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome—click on the “Food and Nutrition” link.

Determine the chemical structure, the type of chemical each is, and the physiological role played by each compound. You should have sufficient information to answer Charley’s list of questions as well as the additional questions listed below. Fill out the table and answer the questions. Please cite any websites that you used in your analysis.

Post Research Analysis Using the information that your group gathered, place each of the ingredients for your drink under the proper heading in the table below.

Sources of Energy Amino Acids Stimulants and Vitamins Other—please categorize

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 9

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome�click
http://www.chemindustry.com
Questions . When we say that something gives us “energy,” what does that mean? What is a biological

definition of energy? . What is the physiological role of each of the molecules in your table?

a. Which ingredients provide energy? How do they do that? b. Which ingredients contribute to body repair, i.e., which help build or rebuild muscle tissue?

. In what ways might the one(s) that does (do) not have a metabolic energy source (caff eine) provide the perception of increased energy after consumption?

. How are the ingredients in these drinks helpful to someone expending a lot of energy, e.g., a runner? . Does your analysis substantiate the claim that this is an “energy drink”? If so, what molecules are

the sources of energy? . Could your drink serve different purposes for different consumers? Explain. . What is the normal physiological response to increased intake of sugars? to increased intake of caff eine? . Is there such a thing as a “sugar high”? Explain your answer. . Evaluate, in terms of basic physiology and biochemistry, the statement: A lack of sleep causes a

lack of energy. 10. Are the product claims legitimate? Why?

11. Should you simply buy a can of Coke® rather than one of these energy drinks? Why/why not?

Assessment Individually, or as a group, write an evaluation of the marketing claims for your drink. You may write the evaluation in the form of an article for readers of Runner’s World. Be sure to include answers to the questions above.

Copyright ©  by the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science. Originally published // at http://www.sciencecases.org/energy_drinks/energy_drinks.asp Please see our usage guidelines, which outline our policy concerning permissible reproduction of this work.

“A Can of Bull?” by Heidemann & Urquhart Page 10

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Energy Drinks Case

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Perfect Solution: UMUC Biology 102 103 Lab 5: Meiosis

November 16, 2023/in Uncategorized /by admin

Perfect Solution: UMUC Biology 102 103 Lab 5: Meiosis.

Your Full Name:

UMUC Biology 102/103

Lab 5: Meiosis

INSTRUCTIONS:

· On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 5Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed intheCourse Schedule (underSyllabus).

· To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.

· Save your Lab 5Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab5 (e.g., Smith_Lab5).

· You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility.

Pre-Lab Questions

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

What major event occurs during interphase?

Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis

In this experiment, you will model the movement of the chromosomes through meiosis I and II to create gametes.

concept_tab_l

Materials

2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of each – these may be any color)

8 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)

Procedure:

Part 1: Modeling Meiosis without Crossing Over

As prophase I begins, the replicated chromosomes coil and condense…

Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes. 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). Two five-holed beads represent each centromere. To do this…

Figure 3: Bead set-up. The blue beads represent one pair of sister chromatids and the black beads represent a second pair of sister chromatids. The black and blue pair are homologous.

1. Start with 20 beads of the same color to create your first sister chromatid pair. Five beads must be snapped together for each of the four different strands. Two strands create the first chromatid, and two strands create the second chromatid with a 5-holed bead at the center of each chromatid. This creates an “I” shape.
2. Connect the “I” shaped sister chromatids by the 5-holed beads to create an “X” shape.
3. Repeat this process using 20 new beads (of a different color) to create the second sister chromatid pair.
Assemble a second pair of replicated sister chromatids; this time using 12 beads, instead of 20, per pair (six beads per each complete sister chromatid strand).
Pair up the homologous chromosome pairs created in Step 1 and 2. DO NOT SIMULATE CROSSING OVER IN THIS TRIAL. You will simulate crossing over in Part 2.
Configure the chromosomes as they would appear in each of the stages of meiotic division (prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase I and II, and cytokinesis).
Diagram the corresponding images for each stage in the sections titled “Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram”. Be sure to indicate the number of chromosomes present in each phase.

Figure 4: Second set of replicated chromosomes.

Disassemble the beads used in Part 1. You will need to recycle these beads for a second meiosis trial in Steps 8 – 13.

Part 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Cytokinesis

Part 2: Modeling Meiosis with Crossing Over

Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes. 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). Two five-holed beads represent each centromere. To do this…
1. a. Start with 20 beads of the same color to create your first sister chromatid pair. Five beads must be snapped together for each of the four different strands. Two strands create the first chromatid, and two strands create the second chromatid with a 5-holed bead at the center of each chromatid. This creates an “I” shape.
2. Connect the “I” shaped sister chromatids by the 5-holed beads to create an “X” shape.
3. Repeat this process using 20 new beads (of a different color) to create the second sister chromatid pair.
Assemble a second pair of replicated sister chromatids; this time using 12 beads, instead of 20, per pair (six beads per each complete sister chromatid strand). Snap each of the four pieces into a new five-holed bead to complete the set up.
Pair up the homologous chromosomes created in Step 8 and 9.
SIMULATE CROSSING OVER. To do this, bring the two homologous pairs of sister chromatids together (creating the chiasma) and exchange an equal number of beads between the two. This will result in chromatids of the same original length, there will now be new combinations of chromatid colors.
Configure the chromosomes as they would appear in each of the stages of meiotic division (prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase I and II, and cytokinesis).
Diagram the corresponding images for each stage in the section titled “Trial 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram”. Be sure to indicate the number of chromosomes present in each cell for each phase. Also, indicate how the crossing over affected the genetic content in the gametes from Part1 versus Part 2.

Part 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Cytokinesis

Post-Lab Questions

1. What is the ploidy of the DNA at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II?

2. How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?

3. Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate crossing over?

4. What combinations of alleles could result from a crossover between BD and bd chromosomes?

5. How many chromosomes were present when meiosis I started?

6. How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in each?

7. Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic recombination.

8. Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells?

9. Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following:

Sperm Cell:

Egg Cell:

Daughter Cell from Mitosis:

Daughter Cell from Meiosis II:

10. Research and find a disease that is caused by chromosomal mutations. When does the mutation occur? What chromosomes are affected? What are the consequences?

11. Diagram what would happen if sexual reproduction took place for four generations using diploid (2n) cells.

Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control

Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.

In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.

concept_tab_l Procedure

Materials

*Computer Access

*Internet Access

*You Must Provide

Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?

Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.

Data

Post-Lab Questions

1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.

2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?

3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.

4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle.

5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?

Perfect Solution: UMUC Biology 102 103 Lab 5: Meiosis