Mutations and Base Sequence Errors

Mutations and Base Sequence Errors. Biology 30—Lab III.5 Page 4

 

PART C: Mutations and Base Sequence Errors

Not often are there errors in the process of forming proteins from the DNA code of instructions. An error in the process is a mutation and will result in formation of a different type of protein.

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. Hemoglobin results from the proper arrangement of almost 600 amino acids. Most humans have the correct type of hemoglobin. However, in some people the arrangement is incorrect. These people have a disease called sickle-cell anemia. Their red blood cells are sickle shaped rather than round. As a result, the red blood cells cannot transport oxygen as well.

The following amino acid sequence represents a portion of the normal hemoglobin molecule:

proline, glutamate, glutamate, lysine.

1. Use the Data.pdf table to translate the sequence of amino acids in normal hemoglobin into the following codes. Remember that the table shows mRNA codes (use first listing of the amino acid in the table)

a) mRNA base codes

 

b) tRNA base codes

 

c) DNA base codes

 

 

In sickle-cell anemia, the sequence of amino acids is slightly different. It is

proline, valine, glutamate, lysine.

2. Translate the sequence of amino acids in sickle-cell hemoglobin into (use third valine in tables)

a) mRNA base codes

 

b) tRNA base codes

 

c) DNA base codes

 

3. In terms of base nucleotides, explain the only difference between the DNA message for normal hemoglobin and the DNA message for sickle-cell hemoglobin.

 

 

A mutation, therefore, is a difference from what we consider to be the normal sequence of bases in a molecule of DNA. The differences or error does not have to be very great. As you have just determined, a base sequence of only one triplet (three bases) can cause the formation of the wrong type of hemoglobin. A change at only one base site of the triplet can cause mutation.

4. How are mutations passed on to offspring?

 

 

 

DNA and RNA

Sickle Cell Lab Page 6 of 7

Mutations and Base Sequence Errors

 
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Biotechnology

Biotechnology. for manipulating the genomes of cells are:

1. to eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits in humans, animals, plants and microbes.

2. to combine the beneficial traits of two or more organisms to create a new more valuable organism.

3. to create cells that synthesize products humans need.

Recombinant DNA technology employs a number to tools and techniques to isolate genes and insert them into cells grown in culture. The following are five tools of recombinant DNA technology and examples of application of the tools.

Mutagens are physical and chemical agents that produce mutation.  Some mutations are beneficial, so creating a large number of mutations increases the probability of discovering a beneficial mutation. For example the fungus Penicillium may be mutated to syntheisize a more effective antibiotic. Mutagens include uv radiation and ionizing radiation. Mueller first demonstrated the effects of X rays on Drosophilia, establishing cause and effect between radiation and genetic changes manifested in phenotypic changes.  Chemical mutagens in bacteria may be carcinogenic in humans.  The Ames test utilizes bacteria to test for mutagenic activity, and identify chemicals that may induce cell changes that lead to cancer. Ethidium bromide which may be used to visualize DNA on gel, is also a mutagen because it disrupts base pairing.

1. Explain and describe one physical and one chemical mutagen and its application.

Reverse transcriptase  synthesizes cDNA from mRNA, which is the reverse of information flow as depicted in the central dogma of molecular biology, i.e.  DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to peptides. Cells may have millions of copies of mRNA, so being able to synthesize the complementary DNA reveals the gene that is being expressed. In addition, cDNA contains no introns because of processing in the eukaryotic transcription, so that cDNA may be inserted into a prokaryotic cell and may be translated into the corresponding peptide.

2. Explain how reverse transcriptase differs from RNA polymerase.  Give one example of an application of reverse transcriptase in recombinant DNA technology.

Synthetic nucleic acids are synthesized in vitro using enzymes from cells. Currently there are machines that syntheized DNA or RNA by having the sequence of bases entered tthrough a keyborad.

3.  If each letter of the keyboard represents a base in DNA, how many keys does the keyboard require? How does this means of DNA synthesis differ from DNA replication in the cell?

Synthetic nucleic acids were used to elucidate the genetic code, create genes for specific proteins, synthesize probes to locate genes in a genome, to synthesize antisense nucleic acids and to make PCR primers.

4. What is the genetic code, how might a synthetic nucleotide be used to determine which amino acid corrresponds to which codon?

5. Give an example of a probe with a flourescent tag that will be used to locate a gene associated with an aggressive form of breast cancer.

Restiction enzymes cut dsDNA at restriction sites, or palindromes. Examples of restriction enzymes are EcoRI and HindIII.  There are hundreds of restriction enzymes isolated from bacteria and used to cut DNA at predictable sites.  One type of restriction enzyme cuts dsDNA to make blunt ends and the other type creates sticky ends.

6. Compare and contrast blunt and sticky ends, and give one example of each type of restriction enzyme.

Vectors insert DNA into a new cell so that the cell acquires a new phenotype.   Vectors are pieces of DNA that are small enough to manipulate in a lab, survive inside the new cell, contain a recognizalbe genetic marker and carry the gene regions necessary to ensure the gene is transcribed and translated.   Examples of vectors are plasmids, viruses and transposons.

7. Explain one risk of a viral vector that inserts itself into a necessary gene and causes a mutation.

Gene library is a collection of cells or viruses, in which each member carries a portion of a given organism’s genome.  Gene libraries provide a ready

Techniques of recombinant DNA technology include the polymerase chaing reaction (PCR)  developed by Cary Mullis.  PCR has three steps that are repeated while the same sample of primers, target gene, taq polymerase and nucleotides are cycled through three different temperatures in a microfuge tube. Gel electrophoresis separated fragments of molecules by size, shape and charge.  DNA microarrays are able to monitor thousands of genes on one plate. Applications of these techniques include diagnostics or vaccine design.

8. Explain how a subunit vaccine is designed using  genes from a pathogen and a viral vector? p502-504.

One proposed way to stop the spread of arboviruses by mosquitoes is to vaccinate the mosquito.  This type of vaccine is a transmission blocking vaccine (TBV).  One typeof TBV vaccinates the human so that a blood meal from a vaccinated human would prevent the mosquito from being infected.  Another strategy is to use the gene drive known as Crispr-Cas9 which would edit the mosquito genome to confer resistance to diseases mosquitoes transmit to humans, and is very targeted.  This requires wild type mosquitoes to mate with lab mosquitoes that have been genetically modified.  Some data would indicate the lab mosquitoes are not competitve with wild type males.

9. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of the TBV approach for controlling the spread of arboviruses.

10. Does the public have any control over the use of gene drives to alter species in the ecosystem for public health concerns?

 

Biotechnology

 
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Writing Analysis Biology Elephant Population In Africa

Writing Analysis Biology Elephant Population In Africa. There is a decline in the elephant population in a specific area in Africa. You are an activist trying increase the elephant population. You are required to present a proposed solution to this problem. Create a proposal to solve this elephant problem. Please include the following:

Background Information. (Describe the main biome where elephants are located; describe an ecosystem, and describe 4 other types of biomes)

Name and discuss how elephants are threatened in Africa. (Research)

Discuss how biodiversity can affect the increase and decline of the elephant population.

Differentiate between the types of population growth models that can increase or decrease the elephant population.

Discuss how community populations relate to your proposal.

Length 1000 Words

Font12 point , Calibri Font, no more than 1″ margins

Format APA

There is a decline in the elephant population in a specific area in Africa. You are an activist trying increase the elephant population. You are required to present a proposed solution to this problem. Create a proposal to solve this elephant problem. Please include the following:

Background Information. (Describe the main biome where elephants are located; describe an ecosystem, and describe 4 other types of biomes)

Name and discuss how elephants are threatened in Africa. (Research)

Discuss how biodiversity can affect the increase and decline of the elephant population.

Differentiate between the types of population growth models that can increase or decrease the elephant population.

Discuss how community populations relate to your proposal.

Length 1000 Words

Font12 point , Calibri Font, no more than 1″ margins

Format APA

Writing Analysis Biology Elephant Population In Africa

 
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The Housekeeping Service Department Of Ruger Clinic

The Housekeeping Service Department Of Ruger Clinic. The Housekeeping Service department of Ruger Clinic Ruger Clinic

 

The Housekeeping Service department of Ruger Clinic, a multispecialty practice in

Toledo, Ohio, had $100,000 in direct costs in 2007. These costs must be allocated to Ruger’s three revenue-producing patient services departments using the direct method. Two cost drivers are under consideration: patient services revenue and hours of housekeeping services used. The patient services departments generated $5 million in total revenues in 2007, and to support these clinical activities, they used 5,000 hours of housekeeping services.

 

You are to write a 3-5 page report that answers the following:

1. What is the value of the cost pool?

2. What is the allocation rate if: a. Patient services revenue is used as the cost driver?

b. Hours of housekeeping services is used as the cost driver?

3. What is a cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis and why is it useful to health services managers?

4. Compare and contrast the following three methods of developing capitation rates: fee-for-service approach; cost approach; and demographic approach.

 

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conventional budgeting versus zero-based budgeting?

The Housekeeping Service Department Of Ruger Clinic

 
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