What is energy?. What is energy?

Question 1 options:

	a) energy is force per unit area
	b) energy is pressure times distance
	c) energy is force times displacement
	d) energy is heat delivered per unit time

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Question 2 (1 point)

 

When an automobile stops for a stoplight, its kinetic energy

Question 2 options:

	a) is converted to thermal energy.
	b) completely disappears.
	c) is transferred to the pavement.
	d) is stored in the automobile’s battery.

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Question 3 (1 point)

 

An object of mass 10 kg falls from the top of a building 10 m high and lands on the ground below.  How much work was done by the force of gravity?

Question 3 options:

	a) 0 J
	b) 98 J
	c) 100 J
	d) 980 J

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Question 4 (1 point)

 

At our present rate of use, the estimated total remaining recoverable petroleum of the U.S. would supply our needs for  about ________ years.

Question 4 options:

	a) 72
	b) 48
	c) 20
	d) 8

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Question 5 (1 point)

 

The U.S. is using liquid petroleum at a rate of about

Question 5 options:

	a) 20 million gallons per day
	b) 20 million barrels per day
	c) 20 million barrels per week
	d) 20 million gallons per week

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Question 6 (1 point)

 

A reasonable estimate for Q_infinity(petroleum) for the world is

Question 6 options:

	105 million gallons
	105 billions gallons
	105 trillion gallons
	105 quadrillion gallons

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Question 7 (1 point)

 

The total annual energy consumption in the  U.S. is about _______ QBtu, and this is about ______ tons of coal per year for each person in the U.S.

Question 7 options:

	a) 80, 13
	b) 800, 130
	c) 8000, 1.4
	d) 98, 13

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Question 8 (1 point)

 

The estimated total minable coal in the United States is about

Question 8 options:

	a) 275 billion tons
	b) 500 million tons
	c) 500 billion tons
	d) 1.5 trillion tons

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Question 9 (1 point)

 

If you burned 10 pounds of coal to release the heat, how many pounds of wood would your friend have to burn to release the same amount?

Question 9 options:

	a) 10 lbs
	b) 12.75 lbs
	c) 16.25 lbs
	d) 8.0 lbs

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Question 10 (1 point)

 

How many Btu’s are there in one kilowatt-hour?

Question 10 options:

	a) 4220
	b) 3413
	c) 2110
	d) 1055

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Question 11 (1 point)

 

A horizontal force of 80 pounds is exerted on a box which moves the box 10 feet across a horizontal floor in 5 seconds.  What is the power generated by this force?

Question 11 options:

	a) 0.66 hp
	b) 0.51 hp
	c) 0.34 hp
	d) 0.29 hp

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Question 12 (1 point)

 

In the U.S. we currently import more than _______ of the oil that we consume.

Question 12 options:

	a) 10%
	b) 50%
	c) 33%
	d) 66%

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Question 13 (1 point)

 

What is a reasonable number for the years remaining until the world’s oil supply is completely depleted?

Question 13 options:

	a) 10
	b) 50
	c) 100
	d) 200

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Question 14 (1 point)

 

What is coal, mostly?  And which type gives off the most heat when burned?

Question 14 options:

	a) carbon, bituminous
	b) carbon, anthracite
	c) hydrocarbons, lignite
	d) hydrocarbons, subbituminous

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Question 15 (1 point)

 

Approximately how much coal is produced each year in the U.S.?

Question 15 options:

	a) 1 million tons
	b) 1 billion tons
	c) 1 trillion tons
	d) 2 quadrillion tons

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Question 16 (1 point)

 

When a magnet is moved within or near a conducting coil an electrical current is induced in the coil of wire.  Who discovered this?

Question 16 options:

	a) Franklin
	b) Edison
	c) Maxwell
	d) Faraday

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Question 17 (1 point)

 

Your house foundation and ground floor is made up of 1000 cubic feet of concrete.  About how many Btu are required to raise the temperature of the foundation and floor by 25 degrees F? Given:  22 Btu per cubic feed per degreee F for concrete.

Question 17 options:

	a) 55,000 Btu
	b) 220,000 Btu
	c) 250,000 Btu
	d) 550,000 Btu

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Question 18 (1 point)

 

What is the typical voltage output of an individual solar cell?

Question 18 options:

	a) 0.5 volt
	b) 5 volt
	c) 9 volt
	d) 24 volts

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Question 19 (1 point)

 

Hydroelectric power in the U.S. currently represents about _______% of the total U.S. electricity.

Question 19 options:

	40
	1
	7
	less than 1

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Question 20 (1 point)

 

A windmill system which produces 6 kW of electrical power when the wind is blowing 5 m/s will produce _______ kilowatts when the wind is blowing 10 m/s?

Question 20 options:

	a) 72
	b) 36
	c) 48
	d) 12

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Question 21 (1 point)

 

Which isotope of uranium is particularly good for fission with thermal neutrons?

Question 21 options:

	a) uranium-235
	b) uranium-233
	c) uranium-238
	d) uranium-236

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Question 22 (1 point)

 

What is mean by a “thermal neutron”?

Question 22 options:

	a) a neutron with kinetic energy about 5 MeV
	b) one of the neutrons which is produced in a typical nuclear fission reaction
	c) a neutron inside any large nuclues
	d) a neutron with kinetic energy 1/40 of an eV

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Question 23 (1 point)

 

What is the purpose of a breeder reactor?

Question 23 options:

	a) reduce the threat of nuclear weapons proliferation
	b) to extend the useful lifetime of our uranium
	c) to reduce the thermal polution
	d) reduce the amount of plutonium produced

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Question 24 (1 point)

 

The mass of your iPod is 100 grams.  The equivalent mass energy is ________.

Question 24 options:

	a) 2.5 billion kWh
	b) 2.5 trillion kWh
	c) 0.83 million kWh
	d) 83 trillion kWh

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Question 25 (1 point)

 

What is a reasonable number for the degree days in a heating season in North-Central Minnesota?

Question 25 options:

	a) 3,000
	b) 5,000
	c) 10,000
	d) 20,000

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Question 26 (1 point)

 

How many Btu per hour are lost through a 100-square foot wall that is made up of a 12-inch thick concrete block  wall with an R value of 1.89 and 4 inches of fiberglass insulation with an R value of 14.8?  The inside temperature is 65 degrees F and the outside temperature is 15 degrees F.

Question 26 options:

	a) 116 Btu/hr
	b) 550 Btu/hr
	c) 200 Btu/hr
	d) 300 Btu/hr

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Question 27 (1 point)

 

There are about 107 million homes in the U.S.  Suppose each home has two people using a hair dryer each day, each for 5 minutes.  The hair dryer consume at a rate of 1000 watts.  How much energy does this take each day?

Question 27 options:

	32 trillion joules
	64 trillion joules
	32 billion joules
	64 billion joules

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Question 28 (1 point)

 

How much energy is saved by recycling 3 steel cans per week for a year (as compared to throwing the cans in the trash)?

Question 28 options:

	72,000 Btu
	155,000 Btu
	312,000 Btu
	440,000 Btu

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Question 29 (1 point)

 

In the U.S., about _______ QBtu of energy is used each year in fuel used for transportation.

Question 29 options:

	a) 27 QBtu
	b) 20 QBtu
	c) 13 QBtu
	d) 6 QBtu

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Question 30 (1 point)

 

According to the Transportation Energy Data Book, the expected fuel economy at 55 miles per hour as compared with 75 miles per hour increases by ______ miles per gallon.

Question 30 options:

	a) 7 mpg
	b) 5 mpg
	c) 2 mpg
	d) 10 mpg

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Question 31 (1 point)

 

In terms of traffic fatalities per vehicle mile, which mode of transportation is the safest?

Question 31 options:

	a) bus
	b) auto
	c) airplane
	d) train

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Question 32 (1 point)

 

During a vehicle crash, a person undergoes serious accelerations.  What is the maximum magnitude of accleration a person can withstand and still live?

Question 32 options:

	a) 10 g
	b) 30 g
	c) 120 g
	d) 60 g

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Question 33 (1 point)

 

Under normal conditions (adiabatic lapse rate is -0.65 degrees C per 100 meters) what is the temperature at the top of an 18,000 foot mountain if the temperature is 72 degrees F at sea level?

Question 33 options:

	a) 8 degrees F
	b) 12 degrees F
	c) 22 degrees F
	d) 32 degrees F

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Question 34 (1 point)

 

The springtime pH in Minnesota’s surface water is about 5.0.  This means the H+ concentration is how many times greater than “neutral”?

Question 34 options:

	a) 2 times
	b) 100 times
	c) 56 times
	d) 316 times

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Question 35 (1 point)

 

What does the Dobson unit measure?

Question 35 options:

	a) concentration of carbon dioxide
	b) concentration of ozone
	c) concentration of H+ ions
	d) concentration of CFCs

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Question 36 (1 point)

 

The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was about 280 ppm in 1860 (before we began burning fossil fuels).  What is it today?

Question 36 options:

	a) 340 ppm
	b) 380 ppm
	c) 320 ppm
	d) 290 ppm

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Question 37 (1 point)

 

Why is it that CO_2 and H_2O are culprits in the so-called greenhouse effect?

Question 37 options:

	a) ultraviolet radiation can’t make it past
	b) ultraviolet radiation can move right past
	c) infrared radiation can’t make it past
	d) infrared radiation can move right past

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Question 38 (1 point)

 

The acid rain problem in North America is primarily attributable to

Question 38 options:

	a) burning gasoline in our cars
	b) burning natural gas in our homes
	c) the CO_2 from burning any of the fossil fuels
	d) the SO_2 from burning coal at power plants

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Question 39 (1 point)

 

Approximately how many traffic-related fatalities are there per year in the U.S.?

Question 39 options:

	a) 42,000
	b) 32,000
	c) 16,000
	d) 8,000

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Question 40 (1 point)

 

What percentage of American workers drive their vehicles to work (alone)?

Question 40 options:

	a) 33
	b) 46
	c) 58
	d) 76

 

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What is energy?

 

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Genetics.

Genetics Practice Problems #1-

1. In horses, hair color is controlled by a gene A. The dominant allele A produces black hair; the recessive a gives brown. A second gene B controls hair length, with long hair (B) dominant to short hair (b). A homozygous black, short-haired female horse is mated to a homozygous brown, long-haired male. What will be the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation? Of the F2 generation?

2. In shorthorn cattle, the gene for coat color is an example of incomplete dominance (a heterozygous animal is a color intermediate between the two pure gene colors). A breeder of these cattle has cows that are white and a bull that is roan (a mixture of red and white). What fraction of the calves produced in his herd will be white? Roan? Red?

3. Starting with a roan bull and white cows, as in problem 2, could the breeder eventually establish a true-breeding red herd? How?

4. In humans, normal skin pigmentation is due to a dominant gene C; its recessive c results in albinism. A normal man marries an albino woman. Their first child is an albino. What are the genotypes of these three people? If the couple have more children, what are they likely to be?

5. Watermelons may be either plain green or striped in color, the fruit may be either long or round in shape. A watermelon plant of a homozygous long, green variety was crossed with one of a homozygous round striped variety. The F1 plants all bore round, green melons. (a) How many genes are involved in this cross? (b) Which alleles are dominant? (c) If two plants are crossed, what fraction of the F2 generation would be round and striped?

6. What results would you expect if one of the F1 plants in problem 5 was crossed with a plant of a long, striped variety?

7. The following problems all concern tomatoes. Red tomato fruit color is dominant to yellow, and round tomato shape is dominant to oval (pear-shaped). Each characteristic is controlled by a single gene, and the genes are on separate chromosomes. Phenotypes of parent and offspring plants are given in succeeding questions. For each question, determine the genotypes of the parents.

a. Red/round crossed with yellow/oval produced one-half red/round and one-half red/oval.

b. Red/oval crossed with red/oval produced three-fourths red/oval and one-fourth yellow/oval.

c. Yellow/round crossed with red/oval produced all red/round.

d. Red/round crossed with red/oval produced three-eighths red/round, three-eighths red/oval, one-eighth yellow/round, and one-eight yellow/oval.

e. Red/round crossed with red/round produced 56 red/round, 18 red/oval, 19 yellow/round, and 6 yellow/oval.

Genetics

 

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