Pabio/Meded 536 Protein BLAST and Motifs

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Pabio/Meded 536 Protein BLAST and Motifs.

Pabio/Meded 536 Protein BLAST and Motifs – Homework Purpose: Become familiar with Protein BLAST queries of the NCBI non-redundant databases, using the human acyl-CoA binding protein as a query. To examine the range of BLAST hits, we will restrict the output to C. elegans sequences. We will examine the BLAST alignment outputs for a number of the top BLAST hits and relate the alignments to the amino acid conservation that is obvious from multiple alignment of the human, bovine, duck and yeast ACBP family members (see alignment link in question 7). Examine this alignment and identify recognizable conserved motifs which you will use as the basis for determining homology of the C.elegans sequences with the ACBP protein family. Initially you will evaluate the C.elegans hits by eye, looking for conservation of your chosen motifs. Provide your assessment and indicate your reasons. Then you will take each C.elegans sequence you believe has homology to the ACBP family and do a new protein BLAST search against the Conserved Domain database (you can do this analysis as a protein BLAST search against the non-redundant database, since your protein will be automatically searched against the Conserved Domain database – or you can link to the Conserved Domain database and do the search directly from the links at this site.) You will do two different analyses using the information from the Conserved Domain search. First, reevaluate your assessment of the homology of the C. elegans sequences to the ACBP family. Second, determine whether these C.elegans sequences have any other motif recognized by the conserved domain search. You will then use the multiple repetition PSI-BLAST search, which computes an ACBP-specific scoring matrix based on the aligned ACBP sequences, in an attempt to identify additional C.elegans sequences that are distantly related to the ACBP family. Using all this information you will determine whether C.elegans has an ortholog of human ACBP, providing your criteria. In addition, you will determine how many of the C.elegans sequences contain a recognizable ACBP domain. From this make a guess as to the evolution of the C.elegans ACBP family. Finally, you will use PHI-BLAST, to combine a pattern search (A pattern you have determined from the alignment linked in question 7) with BLAST to again search the non-redundant protein database (limited to C.elegans sequences) to evaluate how PHI-BLAST can be used to detect distant similarities. The first extra credit question will test your ability to compare BLAST results for ACBP family members in humans and drosophilia to determine the evolutionary history of ACBP in these organisms and whether they differ from the C.elegans ACBP family members. The second extra credit question will introduce you to phylogenetic analysis.

1. Retrieve the Acyl-CoA Binding protein (human) sequence (87 amino acids) from the class sequence link or this link and do a standard Protein BLAST search against the NCBI Non-Redundant protein database. IMPORTANT- limited for only the Caenorhabiditis elegans sequences. (In the organism box, start typing “caen” and then choose Caenorhabiditis elegans from the list. – your analysis should only find a restricted number of C. elegans hits). Prepare a table giving the accession numbers, number of amino acids in the protein and Evalues for the

 

 

top 10 BLAST hits. How many ACBP family members are detected? What was your criteria? (Evalue score? Sequence title? (10 pts)

2. Examine the alignments of the top 10 C.elegans hits resulting from your search above. Using your knowledge of the conservation of motifs in the ACBP gene family (see ACBP conservation alignment) determine whether any of the alignments reveal homology to the conserved ACBP motifs (Two motifs YxxYKQA and KWxAW are provided in the ACBP alignment) ? In your table in question 1, add a column for each motif and indicate whether either either motif is found in these 10 C.elegans sequences (Y/N/?). How many ACBP-related sequences do you think are in C.elegans? (10 pts)

3. Take each of the C. elegans in question 2 that you have determined to be related to ACBP (those labeled with a Yes in your table) and determine whether they have a ACBP motif that is detected by the Conserved Domain Search (use each sequence in a BLAST search against the Conserved Domain database). Add a column in your table above (BLAST-CD) and indicate whether there is a conserved ACBP domain detected by BLAST (Y/N). How does this compare to your analysis of the sequence alignments? (10 pts) Do any of these proteins have more than one recognizable functional domain (The BLAST search against the CD database will show you this)? Add a column to your table (Other domains) and indicate the domain name (10 pts). Do the same analysis for the remaining BLAST hits of the top 10 that you determined in question 1 and 2 to not be related to ACBP. Indicate the domains detected by BLAST for these sequences and indicate these results in your table (ACBP? Other?). (10 pts). How many ACBP-related sequences do you now think are in C.elegans?

4. Use the ACBP human protein sequence to do a PSI BLAST search of the non- redundant protein database, limiting to C.elegans.. The PSI BLAST results will select all protein matches above a selected E-value to be used in determining a new ACBP-specific scoring matrix. Use the default setting and perform the second iteration of the PSI-BLAST search. Add a new column to your table (PSI- E) and indicate the new E values determined for your top 10 C.elegans hits in your table. Is there a new C.elegans sequence that has a significant E-value that was not readily detected in the original protein BLAST search? From this analysis, how many C.elegans sequences do you think are related to human ACBP? (10 pts)

5. Does C. elegans have an ortholog of ACBP? State your reasons and provide your criteria and ID. An Evalue alone is not sufficient. (10 pts).

6. Provide a short explanation regarding the evolutionary history of the ACBP homologs in C. elegans, discussing gene duplication, conservation of structure and function, and structural similarities between homologs –only based on the data from your analysis (20 pts).

7. Determine an amino acid pattern that is conserved in the N-terminal domain of the ACBP orthologs in the linked alignment which is also found in your “top” choice of the ACBP ortholog in c.elegans (CLICK HERE for alignment). What is your pattern? Do a PHI-BLAST search using the human ACBP as the probe, and insert your pattern to be searched. Limit the search to C. elegans sequences. How many of the C.elegans ACBP-like sequences contain your pattern? Would you

 

 

consider this pattern specific to ACBP orthologs? Do a PHI-BLAST search with this pattern using the C.elegans ACBP “ortholog” as a probe, limiting your search to human sequences. How many “different” (ie coming from different genes/chromosomes) human sequences match this pattern? Discuss, especially in relationship to orthology between the human and c.elegans sequences. (10 pts).

8. Extra credit – can you determine a pattern that is found in more than 4 of the C.elegans ACBP-like sequences? What is it? Do a PHI-BLAST search with the pattern and one of these four sequences as query, limiting your search to C.elegans. How many C.elegans ACBP-like sequences is it found in (10 pts). Do the same search but limit to human sequences. Are there any human ACBP-like sequences that contain this pattern. Provide one example.(10 pts)?

Pabio/Meded 536 Protein BLAST and Motifs

 
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Cumulative Biology Final Exam

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Cumulative Biology Final Exam.

7/17/2019 Cumulative Final Exam

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BIO101_MH_V4 | Topic 14: Review

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Completed on Wednesday, July 17, 2019, 11:06 PM Time taken 5 mins 42 secs

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The structure of valine, an amino acid, is shown. What portion of the valine molecule is indicated by the shaded area?

Select one: a. amino group

b. carbon chain

c. carboxyl group

d. R group

 

 

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Question 4 Correct

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Nucleotides are composed of

Select one: a. adenosine triphosphate, pentose sugars, and phosphates.

b. DNA, ribose sugars and polypeptides.

c. nitrogen-containing bases, phosphates, and peptides.

d. phosphates, pentose sugars, and nitrogen-containing bases.

What are the primary constituents of cell membranes?

Select one: a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. minerals

d. proteins

Which of the following is an organic catalyst and usually a protein?

Select one: a. ATP

b. coenzyme

c. enzyme

d. substrate

 

 

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Question 5 Incorrect

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Which of the following cell organelles is the site of the citric acid cycle?

Select one: a. Golgi apparatus

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. ribosome

What is the degradation product of heme?

Select one: a. bile pigment

b. globin

c. iron

d. porphyrin

During photosynthesis, which of the following happens?

Select one: a. Carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose.

b. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to ADP.

c. Hydrogen atoms reduce water to glucose.

d. Water is hydrolyzed.

 

 

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Question 8 Correct

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Question 9 Correct

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Which of these are the photosynthetic organs of a plant?

Select one: a. cones

b. fruits

c. leaves

d. seeds

Which of these is an end product of photosynthesis?

Select one: a. ATP

b. carbon dioxide

c. glucose

d. water

What is the total number of ATP molecules produced by the citric acid cycle?

Select one: a. 2

b. 4

c. 16

d. 256

 

 

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Question 11 Correct

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In cellular respiration, what percentage of the available energy is transferred from glucose to ATP?

Select one: a. 17%

b. 28%

c. 39%

d. 63%

Based on their characteristics, mitochondria could be evolutionary remnants of which type of microorganism?

Select one: a. bacteria

b. fungi

c. protozoa

d. virus

In cellular respiration, what is the end product of chemiosmosis?

Select one: a. ATP

b. glucose

c. NADH

d. pyruvic acid

 

 

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The primary cell wall of plants is composed of which of the following?

Select one: a. cellulose

b. chitin

c. lignin

d. phospholipid

What unique structural property of cellulose makes it largely indigestible by humans?

Select one: a. addition of chitin, another structural polysaccharide

b. alternating positioning of oxygen atoms in linked glucose

c. branched chains of linked glucose

d. covalent bonding between glucose units, providing extra stability

How do peripheral proteins play a role in the plasma membrane?

Select one: a. They often play a structural role, helping stabilize and shape the plasma membrane.

b. They allow ions to �ow directly through the membrane.

c. They bind with glycoproteins for cell recognition in immune responses.

d. They bind with a carrier protein to facilitate membrane transport.

 

 

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Question 17 Correct

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Question 18 Incorrect

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At the end of meiosis I, how many chromosomes from each homologous parental pair does one daughter cell contain?

Select one: a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

In meiosis, crossing-over of genetic material between two non-sister chromatids occurs during

Select one: a. anaphase I.

b. metaphase II.

c. prophase I.

d. telophase II.

 

 

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Question 19 Incorrect

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In the phase of mitosis depicted in the �gure, which of the following is occurring?

Select one: a. Chromatids are crossing over.

b. Chromosomes are aligning on the plates.

c. Daughter cells are being formed.

d. Sister chromatids are separating.

 

 

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Question 20 Incorrect

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In the representation of a DNA molecule shown below, what parts of the nucleotides are indicated by the colors red, green, blue, and yellow?

Select one: a. nitrogenous base

b. pentose sugar

c. phosphate

d. ribose sugar

 

 

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Question 21 Correct

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Question 22 Incorrect

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Using the Punnett square, what is the phenotypic ratio of tall plants to short plants?

Select one: a. 1:1

b. 2:1

c. 3:1

d. 1:3

Which of the following causes of mutations occurs when nucleotide pairs are replicated?

Select one: a. errors in replication

b. mutagens

c. transposons

d. gene expression

 

 

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Question 23 Incorrect

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Question 24 Correct

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In the following mutation the letter “C” was deleted from the sequence of codons. Instead of reading “THE CAT ATE THE RAT” the sequence reads “THE ATA TET HER AT.” Which of the following types of mutation is this?

Select one: a. deletion mutation

b. frameshift mutation

c. point mutation

d. protein mutation

Which of the following is an estimate of the number of pairs of DNA bases in the human genome?

Select one: a. 300,000 pairs

b. 5.8 million pairs

c. 3.2 billion pairs

d. 6.4 trillion pairs

Which type of bacteria is produced by biotechnology to express a cloned gene?

Select one: a. aerobic

b. pathogenic

c. peritrichous

d. transgenic

 

 

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Question 26 Incorrect

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In this illustration of the stem of a plant, the arrow points to which structure?

Select one: a. auxiliary bud

 

 

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b. node

c. petiole

d. terminal bud

Which type of root is used by certain plants for food storage?

Select one: a. adventitious

b. �brous

c. pneumatophore

d. tap

Which of the following processes involves evaporation of water from the leaves?

Select one: a. osmosis

b. respiration

c. translocation

d. transpiration

According to the cohesion-tension model, how does xylem transport work in plants?

Select one: a. Tension created by atmospheric pressure pushes water up the xylem.

b. Tension created by transpiration in the leaves pulls water along the xylem.

c. Water entering the root cells creates negative pressure that pushes water up the xylem.

d. Water is actively transported up the xylem by gravity.

 

 

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Question 30 Correct

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Question 31 Correct

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Which of the following types of tropism is exhibited by the plant shown in the photograph?

Select one: a. negative gravitropism

b. negative phototropism

c. positive phototropism

d. positive gravitoprism

Which plant hormone facilitates ripening of fruits?

Select one: a. abscisic acid

b. auxin

c. ethylene

d. gibberellin

 

 

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Referring to the diagram, what is the correct order of labeling for the boxes (1-4) depicting alternation of generations in �owering plants?

Select one: a. (1) meiosis, (2) mitosis, (3) fertilization, (4) mitosis

b. (1) meiosis, (2) mitosis, (3) mitosis, (4) meiosis

c. (1) mitosis, (2) meiosis, (3) fertilization, (4) mitosis

d. (1) mitosis, (2) meiosis, (3) meiosis, (4) mitosis

In plant reproduction, what is the eudicot structure that provides nutrition to the embryo?

Select one: a. cotyledon

b. hypocotyl

c. plumule

d. radicle

 

 

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Which of the following parts of a �ower protect the bud as the �ower develops?

Select one: a. anthers

b. ovaries

c. petals

d. sepals

An animal exhibits the following characteristics: tentacles, radial symmetry, and incomplete digestive tract. This animal would be classi�ed in which phylum?

Select one: a. Cnidaria

b. Platyhelminthes

c. Porifera

d. Rotifera

 

 

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Question 36 Incorrect

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According to the cladogram shown, what two characteristics distinguish lizards from gorillas?

Select one: a. an amniotic membrane and hair

b. bipedalism and a tail

c. hairlessness and a tail

d. jaws and lungs

 

 

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Question 37 Incorrect

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Question 38 Incorrect

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In the context of evolution, which type of selection is depicted in the graph?

Select one: a. directional selection

b. disruptive selection

c. natural selection

d. stabilizing selection

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain at equilibrium as long as there is

Select one: a. interbreeding between populations.

b. frequent mutation.

c. genetic drift.

d. random mating.

 

 

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Question 41 Correct

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Spores are found in which part of a mushroom?

Select one: a. hyphae

b. lamellae

c. pileus

d. stipe

Which of the following types of mammal has a cloaca?

Select one: a. marsupial

b. monotreme

c. Placental

d. Testudinata

The blastopore develops into the anus in which of these invertebrates?

Select one: a. cockroach

b. earthworm

c. sea cucumber

d. squid

 

 

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According to the replacement model, where did the Homo sapiens in Europe migrate from?

Select one: a. Africa

b. Asia

c. Europe

d. North America

Which of the following human ancestors were the �rst to make tools?

Select one: a. Ardipithecines

b. Australopithecines

c. Homo erectus

d. Homo habilis

Which type of tissue lines the cavities of the human body?

Select one: a. connective

b. epithelial

c. muscular

d. nervous

 

 

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Question 46 Correct

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Question 47 Incorrect

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In the human body, which of these is a matrix of white �bers in connective tissue?

Select one: a. actin

b. collagen

c. elastic

d. myosin

Which term refers to the outermost layer of human skin?

Select one: a. dermis

b. subcutaneous

c. epidermis

d. follicle

In the human respiratory system, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the

Select one: a. alveoli.

b. bronchi.

c. bronchioles.

d. trachea.

 

 

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Question 50 Correct

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In human reproduction, nutrient-rich blood is transported from the placenta to the fetus by the

Select one: a. foramen ovale.

b. inferior vena cava.

c. umbilical artery.

d. umbilical vein.

Which of the following female reproductive organs produces oocytes?

Select one: a. cervix

b. ovaries

c. oviducts

d. uterus

A typical human somatic cell contains how many chromosomes?

Select one: a. 22

b. 23

c. 46

d. 47

 

 

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Question 51 Incorrect

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Question 52 Incorrect

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What must primary mRNA undergo to become mature mRNA?

Select one: a. processing provided by tRNA molecules

b. processing to remove introns and join exons

c. processing to remove exons and join introns

d. translation into codon of amino acids

The addition of a poly-A tail and a guanine cap to a primary mRNA exempli�es which level of gene control in eukaryotes?

Select one: a. transcriptional

b. post-transcriptional

c. translational

d. post-translational

 

 

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Question 53 Correct

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In the food web shown in the �gure, which of the following are the primary consumers?

Select one: a. bald eagle and osprey

b. phytoplankton, submerged aquatic vegetation, and vegetation

c. small planktivorous �sh, benthic invertebrates, herbivorous ducks, geese and mute swans

d. gulls, wading birds, large piscivorous �sh, sea ducks, and tundra swan

 

 

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Question 54 Incorrect

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Question 55 Correct

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Question 56 Incorrect

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Which of the following is the order of energy �ow within an ecosystem?

Select one: a. decomposers ⇒ consumers ⇒ producers

b. producers ⇒ consumers ⇒ decomposers

c. producers ⇒ decomposers ⇒ carnivores

d. decomposers ⇒ producers ⇒ consumers

In the ocean, coral reefs are found in which zone?

Select one: a. abyssal

b. bathypelagic

c. epipelagic

d. mesopelagic

Of Earth’s terrestrial biomes, which one is hot in the summer, cold in the winter, gets moderate annual precipitation, and has good soil for agriculture?

Select one: a. grasslands

b. shrublands

c. taiga

d. tundra

 

 

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Question 57 Incorrect

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Which protists are responsible for causing red tide?

Select one: a. diatoms

b. dino�agellates

c. �agellates

d. sporozoans

Which of the following is a density-dependent regulating factor on the population of a community?

Select one: a. availability of space

b. competition

c. temperature range

d. water supply

Which type of learning occurs when a dog stops eating butter�ies because he gets sick every time he eats one?

Select one: a. classical conditioning

b. operant conditioning

c. unconditioned response

d. imprinting

 

 

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Question 60 Correct

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To communicate the location of a food source, a honey bee returns to its hive and performs a dance while the other bees gather around and touch it with their antennae. By touching the returning bee with their antennae, what form of communication are the bees exhibiting?

Select one: a. auditory

b. chemical

c. tactile

d. visual

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Cumulative Biology Final Exam

 
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Microbiology

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Microbiology.

 

 

 
  1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of light and electron microscopes discussed in Chapter 3 that are used to study microorganisms? Focus your response in terms of the following parameters:
    • Range of magnification
    • Resolving ability
    • Sample preparation
    • Possible states of sample (e.g. whole organism, part of, living, non-living, etc.)
  2. What type of microscope would you use to investigate each of the following scenarios and why (your answer to question 1 will help):
    • Determine the relative sizes of two eukaryotic cells.
    • Determine how many bacteria are dying after a chemical treatment.
    • Determine where in a eukaryotic cell a particular protein is localized.
    • Identify a virus from a contaminated sample.
    • Visualize the sensory hairs on the surface of an ant’s antennae.
  3. What are advantages and disadvantages of the differential staining techniques discussed in Chapter 3 that are used to study microorganisms? Focus your response in terms of the following parameters:
    • Ease and cost of sample preparation
    • Why you would use it (i.e. what information is imparted)
    • Specificity of identification
    • Chance of false positives or negatives

 

 

 

In this activity you have the opportunity to apply your understanding of microbial growth and how to control it to solve the case studies.

  1. Explain why is each of these is often resistant to disinfectants.
    1. Mycobacterium
    2. Pseudomonas
    3. Bacillus
  2. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were isolated from the stool sample of a 45- year- old man, and Shigella sonnei was isolated from the stool sample of an 18- year- old woman. Both patients experienced diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps, and prior to onset of digestive symptoms both had been treated by the same chiropractor. The chiropractor had administered colonic irrigations (enemas) to these patients. The device used for this treatment was a gravity- dependent apparatus using 12 liters of tap water. There were no check valves to prevent backflow, so all parts of the apparatus could have become contaminated with feces during each colonic treatment. The chiropractor provided colonic treatment to four or five patients per day. Between patients, the adaptor piece that is inserted into the rectum was placed in a “hot- water sterilizer.” What two errors were made by the chiropractor?
  3. Between March 9 and April 12, five chronic peritoneal dialysis patients at one hospital became infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four patients developed peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal cavity), and one developed a skin infection at the catheter insertion site. All patients with peritonitis had low- grade fever, cloudy peritoneal fluid, and abdominal pain. All patients had permanent indwelling peritoneal catheters, which the nurse wiped with gauze that had been soaked with an iodophor solution each time the catheter was connected to or disconnected from the machine tubing. Aliquots of the iodophor were transferred from stock bottles to small in- use bottles. Cultures from the dialysate concentrate and the internal areas of the dialysis machines were negative; iodophor from a small in- use plastic container yielded a pure culture of P. aeruginosa. What improper technique led to this infection?
  4. Eleven patients received injections of methylprednisolone and lidocaine to relieve the pain and inflammation of arthritis at the same orthopedic surgery office. All of them developed septic arthritis caused by Serratia marcescens. Unopened bottles of methylprednisolone from the same lot numbers tested sterile; the methylprednisolone was preserved with a quat. Cotton balls were used to wipe multiple- use injection vials before the medication was drawn into a disposable syringe. The site of injection on each patient was also wiped with a cotton ball. The cotton balls were soaked in benzalkonium chloride, and fresh cotton balls were added as the jar was emptied. Opened methylprednisolone containers and the jar of cotton balls contained S. marcescens. How was the infection transmitted? What part of the routine procedure caused the contamination?

.
In this activity you have the opportunity to apply your understanding of microbial metabolism and enzyme specificity to specific health-related analyses.

Using what you’ve learned from reading and videos, compose answers to the following questions and post them on the discussion board. Please number your answers so we can reference them easily. Please respond thoughtfully and in your own words, being sure to back up each statement of fact with cited sources. Your response to each question should be at least 125 words.

  1. Haemophilus influenzae requires hemin (X factor) to synthesize cytochromes and NAD (V factor) from other cells. For what does it use these two growth factors? What disease(s) does H. influenzae cause?
  2. The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin (blood clots) in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn’t injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection? How do we know the streptokinase will digest fibrin only and not other tissues?
  3. Based on biochemical tests and oxygen usage, how would you identify and classify, respectively, the following microbes:
    1. Staphylococcus aureus
    2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    3. Bacillus subtilis
    4. Escherichia coli

In addition, thoughtfully and objectively critique responses from two of your peers. Be specific in your critique. If you find something your peer said to be interesting, then state specifically why. If you find an error in something your peer said, then politely point out the error and cite the sources supporting your statement. Be sure to focus your critique on the facts presented and not on the person or anything in the response that may be interpreted as opinion. Note: opinion is not asked for in any of these questions.

 

Microbiology

 
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Biology Lab plant_transpiration

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Biology Lab plant_transpiration. http://www.pearsoned.ca/school/science11/biology11/sugartransport.html

 

http://quizlet.com/6923750/chapter-37-water-and-sugar-transport-in-plants-flash-cards/

 

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp36/36020.html

 

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_12/index.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

Virtual Lab: Plant Transpiration

 

Please complete questions below prior to attempting the lab report for this assignment.

Table 1: Total Amount of Water (in mL) Transpired in One Hour

Plant Type Normal Conditions (21oC) With Heater

(27oC)

 With Fan (21oC) With Lamp (21oC)
Arrowhead 3.6 6.6 7.5 4.0
Coleus 0.9 3.9 6.0 3.0
Devil’s Ivy 2.9 4.1 4.6 3.0
Dieffenbachia 4.1 6.0 7.7 3.9
English Ivy 1.8 3.2 5.1 2.1
Geranium 1.2 5.8 4.7 2.4
Rubber Plant 4.9 6.8 8.4 4.3
Weeping Plant 3.3 4.9 6.1 2.5
Zebra Plant 4.2 6.1 7.6 3.2

 

1. Define transpiration.

 

 

The process by which moisture is carried through plants.

 

2. Based on the results from your lab, how might your results differ if you direct the air flow onto the upper surface of the leaf versus the lower surface? Why?

 

 

 

 

 

3. Did any of the environmental factors (heat, light, or wind) increase the transpiration rate more than the others? Why?

 

 

The transportation was increased mostly by the fan: 6.4 As it increased the respiration by transporting water away from plant.

 

 

4. Which species of plants that you tested had the highest transpiration rates? Why do you think different species of plants transpire at different rates?

 

The plant that was observed with the highest rate of transportation is the rubber plant. Also, each plant species has a rate of transportation, good for its domestic environment. As higher transportation rates could be an indicator of a more wet climate. And lower rate of transportation could be used to conserve water in hotter climates.

 

 

5. Describe the pathway of water movement from xylem cells in the stem to the air surrounding the leaf.

 

6. What is the role of the roots and root hairs in transpiration?

 

 

7. With intense sunlight, drought, and intense wind a plant’s guard cells may lose turgor pressure and its stoma may close.

a. What is an advantage of a plant’s stoma closing?

b. What is a disadvantage of a plant’s stoma closing?

 

8. Explain the purpose of each of the following structures with regard to transpiration:

a. Cuticle –

b. Guard cells –

c. Trichomes –

 

9. Beside each of the following terms, write out whether it describes collenchyma, parenchyma, or sclerenchyma cells.

 

found in stems –

thin-walled, many-sided cells –

dead at maturity –

contain lignin –

thick-walled, irregularly shaped –

photosynthetic cells –

 

10. Are the number of stomata on the underside of a leaf more, less, or the same as on the upper surface of a leaf?

 

11. When you receive a bouquet of flowers, it is recommended that you cut a couple of inches off of the stems before placing them in a vase. Why do you think this is?

 

 

12. Explain why vessel elements would have no need for companion cells.

.

13. Identify the properties of water that assist water transport in xylem.

 

14. Explain the process in which sugars move from source to sink in a plant.

 

 

15. Describe the cohesion-tension model in detail.

.

Biology Lab plant_transpiration

 
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