Popular Culture’s Perceptions of Sexuality and Elderly People

/in /by

Popular Culture’s Perceptions of Sexuality and Elderly People.

Assignment 2: Popular Culture’s Perceptions of Sexuality and Elderly People

 

Complete a web search to find a cartoon or advertisement in the popular media that conveys an image or message related to sexuality and older people. Examine the medium’s portrayal of sexuality in older adults by answering the following questions. Also, attach or provide the url of your cartoon or advertisement with your assignment submission.

Using a minimum of 1000 words, answer the following questions.  Be sure to use outside references (formatted in APA style) to support your conclusions.  Your job is to convince me that you have a clear understanding of the issues surrounding sexuality and the elderly.

  1. What is the message of the popular media cartoon, or advertisement?
  2. What examples of physiological, psychological, or social aspects of sexual development are conveyed? Explain.

 

  Possible points Student points and instructor feedback
The writer establishes a clear message from the chosen medium. All supporting ideas are strongly related to the topic. the 1000 word minimum is met. 30  
Examples of physiological, psychological, or social aspects of sexual development are clearly conveyed and evaluated. 30  
Responses are thoughtful and engaging. The writer may choose to use his/her unique experiences or view of the world as a basis for writing or to connect ideas in interesting ways. 30  
References are included in summaries and follow APA 6th ed. formatting style. 10  
Total 100  

 

Popular Culture’s Perceptions of Sexuality and Elderly People

 
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Human Osteology

/in /by

Human Osteology. Name: ________________________________________ Section: ___________

ANT 3514C – Introduction to Biological Anthropology

Lab 4: Human Osteology
Use Appendix A of Your Textbook as a Guide. You may also refer to the following websites for this lab and any that follow: http://www.eskeletons.org/, http://

humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection, and https://human.biodigital.com/ (for this website you will need to create an account but it is free!)
Lab Objectives:

• Apply positional terminology to describe the relationships of osteological features

• Identify and label the largest bones and features of the human skull and skeleton

• Identify the human dental formula and different tooth types

• Examine the functional implications of different skeletal regions

• Understand the dynamic biology of the human skeleton over an individual’s lifespan

Purpose: To provide an introduction to basic osteological knowledge.

Osteology is the detailed study of bones and teeth. It should come as no surprise that for many centuries people have been heavily invested in studying human anatomy for its medical applications. The fundamentals of human anatomy were understood by most ancient civilizations, and the study of anatomy in Western universities – even through the Middle Ages – was founded on the antique writings of the Greek physician Aelius Galenus (“Galen”) from the late 100’s A.D. Ironically, the laws of the Roman Empire that Galen served forbade the dissection of human beings, and therefore his anatomical descriptions were based not on the direct study of humans, but rather the comparative study of animals such as pigs and primates. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that intellectual curiosity in the human body was reborn and the study of human anatomy was pursued again in earnest. Principal among these anatomists were figures such as Henry Gray (of “Gray’s Anatomy”) and Georges Cuvier, who pushed the study of comparative anatomy to new limits and founded the field of paleontology.

While the skeleton plays an obvious role as the support system for the rest of the body—making movement possible, and protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain—a new understanding is emerging of bones as an important, dynamic organ of the body. Your bones achieve their shape thanks to the influence of the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that surround them, but continue to change throughout life in response to activity, nutrition, and disease. In addition to vital metabolic and physiological functions, bones produce a hormone (an important messaging molecule in the body) named osteocalcin that plays a vital role in your body’s ability to maintain healthy blood sugar, regulate testosterone levels, and stave off depression.

Despite its deep roots in the study of anatomy, human osteology, especially in terms of variation and development, is still the subject of much new research utilizing state-of-the-art methods. Bone histology, laser scanning, computed tomography, and strain analyses are just some of the newest techniques used at both the micro and macro scale to examine the properties of human bone from every angle. Using such powerful methods, biological anthropologists are able to answer questions about human identity, ancestry, lifestyle, development, and evolution from studying bones alone

STATION 1: Anatomical Directions/Planes

Observe the articulated human and macaque skeletons, both in anatomical position, to answer the following questions. The definitions of these terms always have the same meaning, but the direction they point in will change based on an animal’s normal posture. For instance, think about how you, a biped, normally stand vs. a quadruped, like a dog (or a horse, or a baboon).

!

Anatomical Plane Definitions:

• Coronal Plane:

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

• Sagittal Plane:

Divides the body into left and right halves.

• Transverse Plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Use the definitions on page 2 of this lab to answer the following questions about the articulated human and macaque skeletons: (1 pt)

!

A is ______________________ or ______________________ to B on the human skeleton.

C is ______________________ or ______________________ to D on the macaque skeleton.

F is ______________________ to G on both the macaque and human skeleton.

The blue line runs along the ________________________ plane of the human skeleton.

STATION 2: Skull

The skull plays an important role in understanding evolutionary history. (1.25 pts)

( Photo credit: eskeletons.org )

!

Name the three sutures marked with #s. Name the three bones marked with letters.

1. _______________________________ A. _______________________________

2. _______________________________ B. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ C. _______________________________

4. Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch?

STATION 3: Dentition

Because teeth preserve well in the fossil/archaeological record, they are often used in constructing phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct organisms. (1.25 pts) Examine the following pictures and answer the following questions.

!

!

1. What are the four human tooth types?

2. What is the human dental formula? Please write out in the standard order.

3. Name the bone that holds the upper teeth and the bone that holds the lower teeth.

STATION 4: Vertebral Column

Examine the vertebral column. There are 24 movable vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar. The sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae and form part of the bony pelvis. (0.5 pt) Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kweC-1XCoY.

!

1. The vertebrae bear body weight, anchor ligaments and muscles, and protect the spinal cord. What is the name of the repeating structure that separates each unfused vertebra?

2. Which group of vertebrae articulates with the ribs?

STATION 5: Pelvis

The human pelvis protects and supports abdominal organs, while anchoring muscles of the abdomen and lower limb. It is an area that provides critical information on locomotion patterns and sex determination. (1 pt)

1. Which three bones fuse to form the os coxa? Underline the bone on which you sit.

2. Just observe the ball-and-socket hip joint. Notice how the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum in this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnMPHoDGEc). You will see how this joint looks different from the shoulder joint in Station 6. (No written response is required here.)

STATION 6: Upper limb

Observe the provided specimen and the articulated skeleton near this station when answering these questions. (1.5 pts)

!

1. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? _________________ 2. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? _________________

3. A) List the two bones that, along with the humerus, form the shoulder joint.

B) Name the two features of the distal humerus that articulate with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.

4. Compare the shoulder joint (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pjk_yW-JsU) to the hip joint in Station 5.

STATION 7: Hands & Feet

Compare the articulated hand (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/hands/ bone/Articulated%20hand) and foot (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/ feet/bone/Articulated%20foot) . The rays or digits are numbered one through five beginning with the thumb or big toe. (0.5 pt)

!

1. What are some of the differences you observe between the hand and the foot? How can these differences be attributed to function?

Reading Assignment: Ruff CB (2006) Gracilization of the modern human skeleton. American Scientist 94(6): 508-514. (2 pts)

Do not copy from the text without proper quotation marks and attribution.

1. Define the following terms as they apply to skeletal material. Be sure your definitions make sense in an osteological context:

a. Robust:

b. Gracile:

2. Describe how bone properties change during the normal aging process throughout a modern human lifespan. (You can draw a diagram illustrating this if you wish, but if you do its meaning must be clear to receive credit.) Note that there are two phases to describe: 1) bone growth as the individual grows to maturity, and 2) bone degeneration in old age.

3. What cultural explanations have been used to account for the gracilization of the human skeleton during our recent evolution?

After Lab Activity: (1 pt)

Use Appendix A of your text and the following terms list to label the skeleton.

Sternum

Frontal

Parietal

Mandible

Metatarsals

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Patella

Tibia

Ulna

Fibula

Metacarpals

Os Coxa (also innominate bone)

Femur

Carpals

Tarsals

Radius

Vertebra

Phalanges (use this term twice)

! Name: ________________________________________ Section: ___________

ANT 3514C – Introduction to Biological Anthropology

Lab 4: Human Osteology
Use Appendix A of Your Textbook as a Guide. You may also refer to the following websites for this lab and any that follow: http://www.eskeletons.org/, http://

humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection, and https://human.biodigital.com/ (for this website you will need to create an account but it is free!)
Lab Objectives:

• Apply positional terminology to describe the relationships of osteological features

• Identify and label the largest bones and features of the human skull and skeleton

• Identify the human dental formula and different tooth types

• Examine the functional implications of different skeletal regions

• Understand the dynamic biology of the human skeleton over an individual’s lifespan

Purpose: To provide an introduction to basic osteological knowledge.

Osteology is the detailed study of bones and teeth. It should come as no surprise that for many centuries people have been heavily invested in studying human anatomy for its medical applications. The fundamentals of human anatomy were understood by most ancient civilizations, and the study of anatomy in Western universities – even through the Middle Ages – was founded on the antique writings of the Greek physician Aelius Galenus (“Galen”) from the late 100’s A.D. Ironically, the laws of the Roman Empire that Galen served forbade the dissection of human beings, and therefore his anatomical descriptions were based not on the direct study of humans, but rather the comparative study of animals such as pigs and primates. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that intellectual curiosity in the human body was reborn and the study of human anatomy was pursued again in earnest. Principal among these anatomists were figures such as Henry Gray (of “Gray’s Anatomy”) and Georges Cuvier, who pushed the study of comparative anatomy to new limits and founded the field of paleontology.

While the skeleton plays an obvious role as the support system for the rest of the body—making movement possible, and protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain—a new understanding is emerging of bones as an important, dynamic organ of the body. Your bones achieve their shape thanks to the influence of the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that surround them, but continue to change throughout life in response to activity, nutrition, and disease. In addition to vital metabolic and physiological functions, bones produce a hormone (an important messaging molecule in the body) named osteocalcin that plays a vital role in your body’s ability to maintain healthy blood sugar, regulate testosterone levels, and stave off depression.

Despite its deep roots in the study of anatomy, human osteology, especially in terms of variation and development, is still the subject of much new research utilizing state-of-the-art methods. Bone histology, laser scanning, computed tomography, and strain analyses are just some of the newest techniques used at both the micro and macro scale to examine the properties of human bone from every angle. Using such powerful methods, biological anthropologists are able to answer questions about human identity, ancestry, lifestyle, development, and evolution from studying bones alone

STATION 1: Anatomical Directions/Planes

Observe the articulated human and macaque skeletons, both in anatomical position, to answer the following questions. The definitions of these terms always have the same meaning, but the direction they point in will change based on an animal’s normal posture. For instance, think about how you, a biped, normally stand vs. a quadruped, like a dog (or a horse, or a baboon).

!

Anatomical Plane Definitions:

• Coronal Plane:

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

• Sagittal Plane:

Divides the body into left and right halves.

• Transverse Plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Use the definitions on page 2 of this lab to answer the following questions about the articulated human and macaque skeletons: (1 pt)

!

A is ______________________ or ______________________ to B on the human skeleton.

C is ______________________ or ______________________ to D on the macaque skeleton.

F is ______________________ to G on both the macaque and human skeleton.

The blue line runs along the ________________________ plane of the human skeleton.

STATION 2: Skull

The skull plays an important role in understanding evolutionary history. (1.25 pts)

( Photo credit: eskeletons.org )

!

Name the three sutures marked with #s. Name the three bones marked with letters.

1. _______________________________ A. _______________________________

2. _______________________________ B. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ C. _______________________________

4. Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch?

STATION 3: Dentition

Because teeth preserve well in the fossil/archaeological record, they are often used in constructing phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct organisms. (1.25 pts) Examine the following pictures and answer the following questions.

!

!

1. What are the four human tooth types?

2. What is the human dental formula? Please write out in the standard order.

3. Name the bone that holds the upper teeth and the bone that holds the lower teeth.

STATION 4: Vertebral Column

Examine the vertebral column. There are 24 movable vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar. The sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae and form part of the bony pelvis. (0.5 pt) Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kweC-1XCoY.

!

1. The vertebrae bear body weight, anchor ligaments and muscles, and protect the spinal cord. What is the name of the repeating structure that separates each unfused vertebra?

2. Which group of vertebrae articulates with the ribs?

STATION 5: Pelvis

The human pelvis protects and supports abdominal organs, while anchoring muscles of the abdomen and lower limb. It is an area that provides critical information on locomotion patterns and sex determination. (1 pt)

1. Which three bones fuse to form the os coxa? Underline the bone on which you sit.

2. Just observe the ball-and-socket hip joint. Notice how the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum in this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnMPHoDGEc). You will see how this joint looks different from the shoulder joint in Station 6. (No written response is required here.)

STATION 6: Upper limb

Observe the provided specimen and the articulated skeleton near this station when answering these questions. (1.5 pts)

!

1. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? _________________ 2. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? _________________

3. A) List the two bones that, along with the humerus, form the shoulder joint.

B) Name the two features of the distal humerus that articulate with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.

4. Compare the shoulder joint (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pjk_yW-JsU) to the hip joint in Station 5.

STATION 7: Hands & Feet

Compare the articulated hand (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/hands/ bone/Articulated%20hand) and foot (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/ feet/bone/Articulated%20foot) . The rays or digits are numbered one through five beginning with the thumb or big toe. (0.5 pt)

!

1. What are some of the differences you observe between the hand and the foot? How can these differences be attributed to function?

Reading Assignment: Ruff CB (2006) Gracilization of the modern human skeleton. American Scientist 94(6): 508-514. (2 pts)

Do not copy from the text without proper quotation marks and attribution.

1. Define the following terms as they apply to skeletal material. Be sure your definitions make sense in an osteological context:

a. Robust:

b. Gracile:

2. Describe how bone properties change during the normal aging process throughout a modern human lifespan. (You can draw a diagram illustrating this if you wish, but if you do its meaning must be clear to receive credit.) Note that there are two phases to describe: 1) bone growth as the individual grows to maturity, and 2) bone degeneration in old age.

3. What cultural explanations have been used to account for the gracilization of the human skeleton during our recent evolution?

After Lab Activity: (1 pt)

Use Appendix A of your text and the following terms list to label the skeleton.

Sternum

Frontal

Parietal

Mandible

Metatarsals

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Patella

Tibia

Ulna

Fibula

Metacarpals

Os Coxa (also innominate bone)

Femur

Carpals

Tarsals

Radius

Vertebra

Phalanges (use this term twice)

! Name: ________________________________________ Section: ___________

ANT 3514C – Introduction to Biological Anthropology

Lab 4: Human Osteology
Use Appendix A of Your Textbook as a Guide. You may also refer to the following websites for this lab and any that follow: http://www.eskeletons.org/, http://

humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection, and https://human.biodigital.com/ (for this website you will need to create an account but it is free!)
Lab Objectives:

• Apply positional terminology to describe the relationships of osteological features

• Identify and label the largest bones and features of the human skull and skeleton

• Identify the human dental formula and different tooth types

• Examine the functional implications of different skeletal regions

• Understand the dynamic biology of the human skeleton over an individual’s lifespan

Purpose: To provide an introduction to basic osteological knowledge.

Osteology is the detailed study of bones and teeth. It should come as no surprise that for many centuries people have been heavily invested in studying human anatomy for its medical applications. The fundamentals of human anatomy were understood by most ancient civilizations, and the study of anatomy in Western universities – even through the Middle Ages – was founded on the antique writings of the Greek physician Aelius Galenus (“Galen”) from the late 100’s A.D. Ironically, the laws of the Roman Empire that Galen served forbade the dissection of human beings, and therefore his anatomical descriptions were based not on the direct study of humans, but rather the comparative study of animals such as pigs and primates. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that intellectual curiosity in the human body was reborn and the study of human anatomy was pursued again in earnest. Principal among these anatomists were figures such as Henry Gray (of “Gray’s Anatomy”) and Georges Cuvier, who pushed the study of comparative anatomy to new limits and founded the field of paleontology.

While the skeleton plays an obvious role as the support system for the rest of the body—making movement possible, and protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain—a new understanding is emerging of bones as an important, dynamic organ of the body. Your bones achieve their shape thanks to the influence of the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that surround them, but continue to change throughout life in response to activity, nutrition, and disease. In addition to vital metabolic and physiological functions, bones produce a hormone (an important messaging molecule in the body) named osteocalcin that plays a vital role in your body’s ability to maintain healthy blood sugar, regulate testosterone levels, and stave off depression.

Despite its deep roots in the study of anatomy, human osteology, especially in terms of variation and development, is still the subject of much new research utilizing state-of-the-art methods. Bone histology, laser scanning, computed tomography, and strain analyses are just some of the newest techniques used at both the micro and macro scale to examine the properties of human bone from every angle. Using such powerful methods, biological anthropologists are able to answer questions about human identity, ancestry, lifestyle, development, and evolution from studying bones alone

STATION 1: Anatomical Directions/Planes

Observe the articulated human and macaque skeletons, both in anatomical position, to answer the following questions. The definitions of these terms always have the same meaning, but the direction they point in will change based on an animal’s normal posture. For instance, think about how you, a biped, normally stand vs. a quadruped, like a dog (or a horse, or a baboon).

!

Anatomical Plane Definitions:

• Coronal Plane:

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

• Sagittal Plane:

Divides the body into left and right halves.

• Transverse Plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Use the definitions on page 2 of this lab to answer the following questions about the articulated human and macaque skeletons: (1 pt)

!

A is ______________________ or ______________________ to B on the human skeleton.

C is ______________________ or ______________________ to D on the macaque skeleton.

F is ______________________ to G on both the macaque and human skeleton.

The blue line runs along the ________________________ plane of the human skeleton.

STATION 2: Skull

The skull plays an important role in understanding evolutionary history. (1.25 pts)

( Photo credit: eskeletons.org )

!

Name the three sutures marked with #s. Name the three bones marked with letters.

1. _______________________________ A. _______________________________

2. _______________________________ B. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ C. _______________________________

4. Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch?

STATION 3: Dentition

Because teeth preserve well in the fossil/archaeological record, they are often used in constructing phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct organisms. (1.25 pts) Examine the following pictures and answer the following questions.

!

!

1. What are the four human tooth types?

2. What is the human dental formula? Please write out in the standard order.

3. Name the bone that holds the upper teeth and the bone that holds the lower teeth.

STATION 4: Vertebral Column

Examine the vertebral column. There are 24 movable vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar. The sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae and form part of the bony pelvis. (0.5 pt) Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kweC-1XCoY.

!

1. The vertebrae bear body weight, anchor ligaments and muscles, and protect the spinal cord. What is the name of the repeating structure that separates each unfused vertebra?

2. Which group of vertebrae articulates with the ribs?

STATION 5: Pelvis

The human pelvis protects and supports abdominal organs, while anchoring muscles of the abdomen and lower limb. It is an area that provides critical information on locomotion patterns and sex determination. (1 pt)

1. Which three bones fuse to form the os coxa? Underline the bone on which you sit.

2. Just observe the ball-and-socket hip joint. Notice how the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum in this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnMPHoDGEc). You will see how this joint looks different from the shoulder joint in Station 6. (No written response is required here.)

STATION 6: Upper limb

Observe the provided specimen and the articulated skeleton near this station when answering these questions. (1.5 pts)

!

1. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? _________________ 2. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? _________________

3. A) List the two bones that, along with the humerus, form the shoulder joint.

B) Name the two features of the distal humerus that articulate with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.

4. Compare the shoulder joint (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pjk_yW-JsU) to the hip joint in Station 5.

STATION 7: Hands & Feet

Compare the articulated hand (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/hands/ bone/Articulated%20hand) and foot (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/ feet/bone/Articulated%20foot) . The rays or digits are numbered one through five beginning with the thumb or big toe. (0.5 pt)

!

1. What are some of the differences you observe between the hand and the foot? How can these differences be attributed to function?

Reading Assignment: Ruff CB (2006) Gracilization of the modern human skeleton. American Scientist 94(6): 508-514. (2 pts)

Do not copy from the text without proper quotation marks and attribution.

1. Define the following terms as they apply to skeletal material. Be sure your definitions make sense in an osteological context:

a. Robust:

b. Gracile:

2. Describe how bone properties change during the normal aging process throughout a modern human lifespan. (You can draw a diagram illustrating this if you wish, but if you do its meaning must be clear to receive credit.) Note that there are two phases to describe: 1) bone growth as the individual grows to maturity, and 2) bone degeneration in old age.

3. What cultural explanations have been used to account for the gracilization of the human skeleton during our recent evolution?

After Lab Activity: (1 pt)

Use Appendix A of your text and the following terms list to label the skeleton.

Sternum

Frontal

Parietal

Mandible

Metatarsals

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Patella

Tibia

Ulna

Fibula

Metacarpals

Os Coxa (also innominate bone)

Femur

Carpals

Tarsals

Radius

Vertebra

Phalanges (use this term twice)

! Name: ________________________________________ Section: ___________

ANT 3514C – Introduction to Biological Anthropology

Lab 4: Human Osteology
Use Appendix A of Your Textbook as a Guide. You may also refer to the following websites for this lab and any that follow: http://www.eskeletons.org/, http://

humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection, and https://human.biodigital.com/ (for this website you will need to create an account but it is free!)
Lab Objectives:

• Apply positional terminology to describe the relationships of osteological features

• Identify and label the largest bones and features of the human skull and skeleton

• Identify the human dental formula and different tooth types

• Examine the functional implications of different skeletal regions

• Understand the dynamic biology of the human skeleton over an individual’s lifespan

Purpose: To provide an introduction to basic osteological knowledge.

Osteology is the detailed study of bones and teeth. It should come as no surprise that for many centuries people have been heavily invested in studying human anatomy for its medical applications. The fundamentals of human anatomy were understood by most ancient civilizations, and the study of anatomy in Western universities – even through the Middle Ages – was founded on the antique writings of the Greek physician Aelius Galenus (“Galen”) from the late 100’s A.D. Ironically, the laws of the Roman Empire that Galen served forbade the dissection of human beings, and therefore his anatomical descriptions were based not on the direct study of humans, but rather the comparative study of animals such as pigs and primates. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that intellectual curiosity in the human body was reborn and the study of human anatomy was pursued again in earnest. Principal among these anatomists were figures such as Henry Gray (of “Gray’s Anatomy”) and Georges Cuvier, who pushed the study of comparative anatomy to new limits and founded the field of paleontology.

While the skeleton plays an obvious role as the support system for the rest of the body—making movement possible, and protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain—a new understanding is emerging of bones as an important, dynamic organ of the body. Your bones achieve their shape thanks to the influence of the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that surround them, but continue to change throughout life in response to activity, nutrition, and disease. In addition to vital metabolic and physiological functions, bones produce a hormone (an important messaging molecule in the body) named osteocalcin that plays a vital role in your body’s ability to maintain healthy blood sugar, regulate testosterone levels, and stave off depression.

Despite its deep roots in the study of anatomy, human osteology, especially in terms of variation and development, is still the subject of much new research utilizing state-of-the-art methods. Bone histology, laser scanning, computed tomography, and strain analyses are just some of the newest techniques used at both the micro and macro scale to examine the properties of human bone from every angle. Using such powerful methods, biological anthropologists are able to answer questions about human identity, ancestry, lifestyle, development, and evolution from studying bones alone

STATION 1: Anatomical Directions/Planes

Observe the articulated human and macaque skeletons, both in anatomical position, to answer the following questions. The definitions of these terms always have the same meaning, but the direction they point in will change based on an animal’s normal posture. For instance, think about how you, a biped, normally stand vs. a quadruped, like a dog (or a horse, or a baboon).

!

Anatomical Plane Definitions:

• Coronal Plane:

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

• Sagittal Plane:

Divides the body into left and right halves.

• Transverse Plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Use the definitions on page 2 of this lab to answer the following questions about the articulated human and macaque skeletons: (1 pt)

!

A is ______________________ or ______________________ to B on the human skeleton.

C is ______________________ or ______________________ to D on the macaque skeleton.

F is ______________________ to G on both the macaque and human skeleton.

The blue line runs along the ________________________ plane of the human skeleton.

STATION 2: Skull

The skull plays an important role in understanding evolutionary history. (1.25 pts)

( Photo credit: eskeletons.org )

!

Name the three sutures marked with #s. Name the three bones marked with letters.

1. _______________________________ A. _______________________________

2. _______________________________ B. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ C. _______________________________

4. Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch?

STATION 3: Dentition

Because teeth preserve well in the fossil/archaeological record, they are often used in constructing phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct organisms. (1.25 pts) Examine the following pictures and answer the following questions.

!

!

1. What are the four human tooth types?

2. What is the human dental formula? Please write out in the standard order.

3. Name the bone that holds the upper teeth and the bone that holds the lower teeth.

STATION 4: Vertebral Column

Examine the vertebral column. There are 24 movable vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar. The sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae and form part of the bony pelvis. (0.5 pt) Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kweC-1XCoY.

!

1. The vertebrae bear body weight, anchor ligaments and muscles, and protect the spinal cord. What is the name of the repeating structure that separates each unfused vertebra?

2. Which group of vertebrae articulates with the ribs?

STATION 5: Pelvis

The human pelvis protects and supports abdominal organs, while anchoring muscles of the abdomen and lower limb. It is an area that provides critical information on locomotion patterns and sex determination. (1 pt)

1. Which three bones fuse to form the os coxa? Underline the bone on which you sit.

2. Just observe the ball-and-socket hip joint. Notice how the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum in this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnMPHoDGEc). You will see how this joint looks different from the shoulder joint in Station 6. (No written response is required here.)

STATION 6: Upper limb

Observe the provided specimen and the articulated skeleton near this station when answering these questions. (1.5 pts)

!

1. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? _________________ 2. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? _________________

3. A) List the two bones that, along with the humerus, form the shoulder joint.

B) Name the two features of the distal humerus that articulate with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.

4. Compare the shoulder joint (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pjk_yW-JsU) to the hip joint in Station 5.

STATION 7: Hands & Feet

Compare the articulated hand (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/hands/ bone/Articulated%20hand) and foot (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/ feet/bone/Articulated%20foot) . The rays or digits are numbered one through five beginning with the thumb or big toe. (0.5 pt)

!

1. What are some of the differences you observe between the hand and the foot? How can these differences be attributed to function?

Reading Assignment: Ruff CB (2006) Gracilization of the modern human skeleton. American Scientist 94(6): 508-514. (2 pts)

Do not copy from the text without proper quotation marks and attribution.

1. Define the following terms as they apply to skeletal material. Be sure your definitions make sense in an osteological context:

a. Robust:

b. Gracile:

2. Describe how bone properties change during the normal aging process throughout a modern human lifespan. (You can draw a diagram illustrating this if you wish, but if you do its meaning must be clear to receive credit.) Note that there are two phases to describe: 1) bone growth as the individual grows to maturity, and 2) bone degeneration in old age.

3. What cultural explanations have been used to account for the gracilization of the human skeleton during our recent evolution?

After Lab Activity: (1 pt)

Use Appendix A of your text and the following terms list to label the skeleton.

Sternum

Frontal

Parietal

Mandible

Metatarsals

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Patella

Tibia

Ulna

Fibula

Metacarpals

Os Coxa (also innominate bone)

Femur

Carpals

Tarsals

Radius

Vertebra

Phalanges (use this term twice)

! Name: ________________________________________ Section: ___________

ANT 3514C – Introduction to Biological Anthropology

Lab 4: Human Osteology
Use Appendix A of Your Textbook as a Guide. You may also refer to the following websites for this lab and any that follow: http://www.eskeletons.org/, http://

humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection, and https://human.biodigital.com/ (for this website you will need to create an account but it is free!)
Lab Objectives:

• Apply positional terminology to describe the relationships of osteological features

• Identify and label the largest bones and features of the human skull and skeleton

• Identify the human dental formula and different tooth types

• Examine the functional implications of different skeletal regions

• Understand the dynamic biology of the human skeleton over an individual’s lifespan

Purpose: To provide an introduction to basic osteological knowledge.

Osteology is the detailed study of bones and teeth. It should come as no surprise that for many centuries people have been heavily invested in studying human anatomy for its medical applications. The fundamentals of human anatomy were understood by most ancient civilizations, and the study of anatomy in Western universities – even through the Middle Ages – was founded on the antique writings of the Greek physician Aelius Galenus (“Galen”) from the late 100’s A.D. Ironically, the laws of the Roman Empire that Galen served forbade the dissection of human beings, and therefore his anatomical descriptions were based not on the direct study of humans, but rather the comparative study of animals such as pigs and primates. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that intellectual curiosity in the human body was reborn and the study of human anatomy was pursued again in earnest. Principal among these anatomists were figures such as Henry Gray (of “Gray’s Anatomy”) and Georges Cuvier, who pushed the study of comparative anatomy to new limits and founded the field of paleontology.

While the skeleton plays an obvious role as the support system for the rest of the body—making movement possible, and protecting vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain—a new understanding is emerging of bones as an important, dynamic organ of the body. Your bones achieve their shape thanks to the influence of the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that surround them, but continue to change throughout life in response to activity, nutrition, and disease. In addition to vital metabolic and physiological functions, bones produce a hormone (an important messaging molecule in the body) named osteocalcin that plays a vital role in your body’s ability to maintain healthy blood sugar, regulate testosterone levels, and stave off depression.

Despite its deep roots in the study of anatomy, human osteology, especially in terms of variation and development, is still the subject of much new research utilizing state-of-the-art methods. Bone histology, laser scanning, computed tomography, and strain analyses are just some of the newest techniques used at both the micro and macro scale to examine the properties of human bone from every angle. Using such powerful methods, biological anthropologists are able to answer questions about human identity, ancestry, lifestyle, development, and evolution from studying bones alone

STATION 1: Anatomical Directions/Planes

Observe the articulated human and macaque skeletons, both in anatomical position, to answer the following questions. The definitions of these terms always have the same meaning, but the direction they point in will change based on an animal’s normal posture. For instance, think about how you, a biped, normally stand vs. a quadruped, like a dog (or a horse, or a baboon).

!

Anatomical Plane Definitions:

• Coronal Plane:

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

• Sagittal Plane:

Divides the body into left and right halves.

• Transverse Plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Use the definitions on page 2 of this lab to answer the following questions about the articulated human and macaque skeletons: (1 pt)

!

A is ______________________ or ______________________ to B on the human skeleton.

C is ______________________ or ______________________ to D on the macaque skeleton.

F is ______________________ to G on both the macaque and human skeleton.

The blue line runs along the ________________________ plane of the human skeleton.

STATION 2: Skull

The skull plays an important role in understanding evolutionary history. (1.25 pts)

( Photo credit: eskeletons.org )

!

Name the three sutures marked with #s. Name the three bones marked with letters.

1. _______________________________ A. _______________________________

2. _______________________________ B. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________ C. _______________________________

4. Which two bones make up the zygomatic arch?

STATION 3: Dentition

Because teeth preserve well in the fossil/archaeological record, they are often used in constructing phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct organisms. (1.25 pts) Examine the following pictures and answer the following questions.

!

!

1. What are the four human tooth types?

2. What is the human dental formula? Please write out in the standard order.

3. Name the bone that holds the upper teeth and the bone that holds the lower teeth.

STATION 4: Vertebral Column

Examine the vertebral column. There are 24 movable vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar. The sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae and form part of the bony pelvis. (0.5 pt) Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kweC-1XCoY.

!

1. The vertebrae bear body weight, anchor ligaments and muscles, and protect the spinal cord. What is the name of the repeating structure that separates each unfused vertebra?

2. Which group of vertebrae articulates with the ribs?

STATION 5: Pelvis

The human pelvis protects and supports abdominal organs, while anchoring muscles of the abdomen and lower limb. It is an area that provides critical information on locomotion patterns and sex determination. (1 pt)

1. Which three bones fuse to form the os coxa? Underline the bone on which you sit.

2. Just observe the ball-and-socket hip joint. Notice how the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum in this video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnMPHoDGEc). You will see how this joint looks different from the shoulder joint in Station 6. (No written response is required here.)

STATION 6: Upper limb

Observe the provided specimen and the articulated skeleton near this station when answering these questions. (1.5 pts)

!

1. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your pinkie? _________________ 2. Which bone of the lower arm is on the same side as your thumb? _________________

3. A) List the two bones that, along with the humerus, form the shoulder joint.

B) Name the two features of the distal humerus that articulate with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.

4. Compare the shoulder joint (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pjk_yW-JsU) to the hip joint in Station 5.

STATION 7: Hands & Feet

Compare the articulated hand (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/hands/ bone/Articulated%20hand) and foot (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12537/region/ feet/bone/Articulated%20foot) . The rays or digits are numbered one through five beginning with the thumb or big toe. (0.5 pt)

!

1. What are some of the differences you observe between the hand and the foot? How can these differences be attributed to function?

Reading Assignment: Ruff CB (2006) Gracilization of the modern human skeleton. American Scientist 94(6): 508-514. (2 pts)

Do not copy from the text without proper quotation marks and attribution.

1. Define the following terms as they apply to skeletal material. Be sure your definitions make sense in an osteological context:

a. Robust:

b. Gracile:

2. Describe how bone properties change during the normal aging process throughout a modern human lifespan. (You can draw a diagram illustrating this if you wish, but if you do its meaning must be clear to receive credit.) Note that there are two phases to describe: 1) bone growth as the individual grows to maturity, and 2) bone degeneration in old age.

3. What cultural explanations have been used to account for the gracilization of the human skeleton during our recent evolution?

After Lab Activity: (1 pt)

Use Appendix A of your text and the following terms list to label the skeleton.

Sternum

Frontal

Parietal

Mandible

Metatarsals

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Patella

Tibia

Ulna

Fibula

Metacarpals

Os Coxa (also innominate bone)

Femur

Carpals

Tarsals

Radius

Vertebra

Phalanges (use this term twice)

! V

Human Osteology

 
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BBC Life Primates Film And Questions

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BBC Life Primates Film And Questions. https://www.3cmediasolutions.org/privid/47220?key=3554d41ec0f61b1d5c411393ce95fab15979321f

Background

Answer these questions before watching the video by using your text or searching online for answers.  Then use the link above to watch the film and answer the other questions.

 

1.   All animals in this episode of Life are from the Primate order.  This is the full classification of the Primate order.  List one major characteristic that helps define each level.

 

 

Kingdom:  Animalia

 

Phylum:  Chordata

 

Class:  Mammalia

 

 

2.   A cladogram for the major groups of primates is shown to the right.  The order is divided into two categories:  prosimians and anthropoids.

 

a.   Which group evolved earliest?

 

 

 

 

b.    Which group(s) evolved most recently?

 

 

 

 

c.   Would humans be considered prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

 

d.     According to this cladogram, which group of primates is most closely related to humans?

 

 

 

 

 

Primates are divided into two groups:  Prosimians and Anthropoids.  This table summarizes the differences.

 

  Prosimians Anthropoids
Brain Size Smaller Larger
Nails vs. Claws Claws Nails
Vision Partial binocular vision (both eyes facing the same direction working together) Binocular and color vision
Body Size Smaller Larger
Habitats Tropical rainforests Tropical rainforests, grasslands, temperate forests, wetlands
Diurnality Either diurnal (daytime) or nocturnal (nighttime) Almost all diurnal
Olfaction Strong sense of smell Weaker sense of smell
Opposable Digits Some have opposable thumbs and big toes All have opposable thumbs; Most have opposable big toes

 

Introduction

Answer these questions from the opening segment of the video.

 

3.   Describe what is unique about primates in regard to these characteristics:

 

a.   Hands –

 

b.   Eyes –

 

c.   Intelligence –

 

d.   Social Interactions –

 

e.   Memory –

 

Hamadryas  Baboons

 

4.   Are these baboons prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

5.   Describe the social hierarchy of these baboons.

 

 

 

6.   What is the cause of the conflict between the two troops of baboons?

 

 

 

 

Japanese Macaque “Snow Monkeys”

 

7.   Are these macaques prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

8.   These animals are the most northernly-living monkeys.  How are they built differently than other monkeys to survive the harsh winters of the Japanese Alps?

 

 

 

9.   Describe the social hierarchy of these macaques and how it relates to the hot springs.

 

 

 

Western Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla

 

10.                Are gorillas prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

11.                Describe the social hierarchy of these gorillas.

 

 

 

12.                Would these gorillas be considered herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores?

 

 

 

13.                How does the silverback male gorilla communicate his territory to other gorillas?

 

 

 

Spectral Tarsier

Tarsius tarsier

 

14.                Are tarsiers prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

15.                Tarsiers are completely carnivorous.  What is their food source?

 

 

 

16.                The tarsiers have three sets of adaptations that enable them to be successful nocturnal hunters.  Describe the adaptations tarsiers have in each of these body parts:

 

a.   Eyeballs:

 

 

b.   Ears:

 

 

c.   Legs:

 

 

17.                How do the tarsiers communicate with each other?  What reasons do they have to communicate?

 

 

 

18.                The Lar Gibbons also communicate, but for a different reason.  Explain what.

 

 

 

Phayre’s Leaf Monkeys

Trachypithecus phayrei

 

19.                Are the leaf monkeys prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

20.                Why are the baby leaf monkeys a bright orange color?

 

 

 

21.                Describe the social system of leaf monkeys, especially in relation to caring for babies.

 

 

 

 

Ring-Tailed lemur

Lemur catta

 

22.                Are the lemurs prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

23.                Explain how male and female ring-tailed lemurs use scent markers as a means of communication.

 

 

 

24.                How do males compete for the opportunity to mate?

 

Orangutan

Pongo borneo

 

25.                Are the Orangutans prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

26.                How long do Orangutans raise their young?  Is this unusual?

 

 

 

27.                What skills does the mother teach her child before it reaches adulthood?

 

 

 

Chacma baboons

Papio ursinus

 

28.                Are the baboons prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

29.                Why is gathering food such a challenge for Chacma baboons?

 

 

 

30.                What unusual food source do the baboons eat, and where do they find it?

 

 

 

31.                What physical adaptations to the baboons have that allows them to eat mussels?

 

 

 

White-faced Capuchins

Cebus capucinus

 

 

32.                Are the capuchins prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

 

33.                If capuchin monkeys are not strong enough to open clams, how do they eat them?

 

 

 

 

34.                What do brown-tufted capuchins do differently?  Explain why this is considered a more advanced skill.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chimpanzees

Pan troglodytes

 

35.                Are the chimpanzees prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

 

36.                Describe two examples of how the chimpanzees use tools.

 

 

 

 

37.                Describe the skill of nut-cracking.  Why is this considered a more advanced skill than the capuchins?

 

 

 

 

38.                What unusual social characteristics do chimpanzees exhibit?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Classification

 

Primates are an order of mammals; one that the human species falls within.  The order is divided into different families based on characteristics such as presence of a prehensile tail, opposable thumb, whether they are ground-dwelling or tree-dwelling.

 

 

Order Marsupialia

“Pouched”

 

Tubulidentata

“Tube-Toothed”

 

 

Hyracoidea

“Short legs and tail”

 

 

Order Primates

“Opposable Thumbs”

 

 

Order Perissodactyla

“Odd-Toed Hooved”

 

 

Order Chiroptera

“Adapted for Flight”

 

 

Class Mammalia

 

 

Order Primates

 

 

Lemurs

“Prosimians of Madagascar”

 

 

 

Tarsiers

“Big Eyes”

 

 

Old World Monkeys

“Non-Prehensile Tail”

 

 

New World Monkeys

“Prehensile Tail”

 

 

 

Gibbons

“Long Arms”

 

 

Orangutans

“Person of the Forest”

 

 

Gorillas

“The Largest Primates”

 

 

Chimpanzees and Bonobos “Closest to Humans”

 

 

Gibbon

 

 

Lemur

 

 

Orangutan

 

 

Tarsier

 

 

Humans

“Man”

 

 

Order Eulipotyphla

“Insectivores with Snouts”

 

 

Rodentia

“Gnawing Hervivores”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

Lemurs

 Tarsiers Old World Monkeys New World Monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans IUCN Red list Status
Hamadryas Baboon                    
Japanese Macaque                    
Western Gorilla                    
Spectral Tarsier                    
Lar Gibbon                    
Owl  Monkey                    
Ring-Tailed Lemur                    
Orangutan                    
Chacma Baboon                    
White-Faced Capuchin                    
Chimpanzee                    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mark which category the primate is found and then look up their endangered status on the IUCN red list and provide details.

BBC Life Primates Film And Questions

 
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What is energy?

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What is energy?. What is energy?

Question 1 options:

a) energy is force per unit area
b) energy is pressure times distance
c) energy is force times displacement
d) energy is heat delivered per unit time

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Question 2 (1 point)

 

When an automobile stops for a stoplight, its kinetic energy

Question 2 options:

a) is converted to thermal energy.
b) completely disappears.
c) is transferred to the pavement.
d) is stored in the automobile’s battery.

Save

Question 3 (1 point)

 

An object of mass 10 kg falls from the top of a building 10 m high and lands on the ground below.  How much work was done by the force of gravity?

Question 3 options:

a) 0 J
b) 98 J
c) 100 J
d) 980 J

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Question 4 (1 point)

 

At our present rate of use, the estimated total remaining recoverable petroleum of the U.S. would supply our needs for  about ________ years.

Question 4 options:

a) 72
b) 48
c) 20
d) 8

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Question 5 (1 point)

 

The U.S. is using liquid petroleum at a rate of about

Question 5 options:

a) 20 million gallons per day
b) 20 million barrels per day
c) 20 million barrels per week
d) 20 million gallons per week

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Question 6 (1 point)

 

A reasonable estimate for Q_infinity(petroleum) for the world is

Question 6 options:

105 million gallons
105 billions gallons
105 trillion gallons
105 quadrillion gallons

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Question 7 (1 point)

 

The total annual energy consumption in the  U.S. is about _______ QBtu, and this is about ______ tons of coal per year for each person in the U.S.

Question 7 options:

a) 80, 13
b) 800, 130
c) 8000, 1.4
d) 98, 13

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Question 8 (1 point)

 

The estimated total minable coal in the United States is about

Question 8 options:

a) 275 billion tons
b) 500 million tons
c) 500 billion tons
d) 1.5 trillion tons

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Question 9 (1 point)

 

If you burned 10 pounds of coal to release the heat, how many pounds of wood would your friend have to burn to release the same amount?

Question 9 options:

a) 10 lbs
b) 12.75 lbs
c) 16.25 lbs
d) 8.0 lbs

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Question 10 (1 point)

 

How many Btu’s are there in one kilowatt-hour?

Question 10 options:

a) 4220
b) 3413
c) 2110
d) 1055

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Question 11 (1 point)

 

A horizontal force of 80 pounds is exerted on a box which moves the box 10 feet across a horizontal floor in 5 seconds.  What is the power generated by this force?

Question 11 options:

a) 0.66 hp
b) 0.51 hp
c) 0.34 hp
d) 0.29 hp

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Question 12 (1 point)

 

In the U.S. we currently import more than _______ of the oil that we consume.

Question 12 options:

a) 10%
b) 50%
c) 33%
d) 66%

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Question 13 (1 point)

 

What is a reasonable number for the years remaining until the world’s oil supply is completely depleted?

Question 13 options:

a) 10
b) 50
c) 100
d) 200

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Question 14 (1 point)

 

What is coal, mostly?  And which type gives off the most heat when burned?

Question 14 options:

a) carbon, bituminous
b) carbon, anthracite
c) hydrocarbons, lignite
d) hydrocarbons, subbituminous

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Question 15 (1 point)

 

Approximately how much coal is produced each year in the U.S.?

Question 15 options:

a) 1 million tons
b) 1 billion tons
c) 1 trillion tons
d) 2 quadrillion tons

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Question 16 (1 point)

 

When a magnet is moved within or near a conducting coil an electrical current is induced in the coil of wire.  Who discovered this?

Question 16 options:

a) Franklin
b) Edison
c) Maxwell
d) Faraday

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Question 17 (1 point)

 

Your house foundation and ground floor is made up of 1000 cubic feet of concrete.  About how many Btu are required to raise the temperature of the foundation and floor by 25 degrees F? Given:  22 Btu per cubic feed per degreee F for concrete.

Question 17 options:

a) 55,000 Btu
b) 220,000 Btu
c) 250,000 Btu
d) 550,000 Btu

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Question 18 (1 point)

 

What is the typical voltage output of an individual solar cell?

Question 18 options:

a) 0.5 volt
b) 5 volt
c) 9 volt
d) 24 volts

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Question 19 (1 point)

 

Hydroelectric power in the U.S. currently represents about _______% of the total U.S. electricity.

Question 19 options:

40
1
7
less than 1

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Question 20 (1 point)

 

A windmill system which produces 6 kW of electrical power when the wind is blowing 5 m/s will produce _______ kilowatts when the wind is blowing 10 m/s?

Question 20 options:

a) 72
b) 36
c) 48
d) 12

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Question 21 (1 point)

 

Which isotope of uranium is particularly good for fission with thermal neutrons?

Question 21 options:

a) uranium-235
b) uranium-233
c) uranium-238
d) uranium-236

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Question 22 (1 point)

 

What is mean by a “thermal neutron”?

Question 22 options:

a) a neutron with kinetic energy about 5 MeV
b) one of the neutrons which is produced in a typical nuclear fission reaction
c) a neutron inside any large nuclues
d) a neutron with kinetic energy 1/40 of an eV

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Question 23 (1 point)

 

What is the purpose of a breeder reactor?

Question 23 options:

a) reduce the threat of nuclear weapons proliferation
b) to extend the useful lifetime of our uranium
c) to reduce the thermal polution
d) reduce the amount of plutonium produced

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Question 24 (1 point)

 

The mass of your iPod is 100 grams.  The equivalent mass energy is ________.

Question 24 options:

a) 2.5 billion kWh
b) 2.5 trillion kWh
c) 0.83 million kWh
d) 83 trillion kWh

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Question 25 (1 point)

 

What is a reasonable number for the degree days in a heating season in North-Central Minnesota?

Question 25 options:

a) 3,000
b) 5,000
c) 10,000
d) 20,000

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Question 26 (1 point)

 

How many Btu per hour are lost through a 100-square foot wall that is made up of a 12-inch thick concrete block  wall with an R value of 1.89 and 4 inches of fiberglass insulation with an R value of 14.8?  The inside temperature is 65 degrees F and the outside temperature is 15 degrees F.

Question 26 options:

a) 116 Btu/hr
b) 550 Btu/hr
c) 200 Btu/hr
d) 300 Btu/hr

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Question 27 (1 point)

 

There are about 107 million homes in the U.S.  Suppose each home has two people using a hair dryer each day, each for 5 minutes.  The hair dryer consume at a rate of 1000 watts.  How much energy does this take each day?

Question 27 options:

32 trillion joules
64 trillion joules
32 billion joules
64 billion joules

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Question 28 (1 point)

 

How much energy is saved by recycling 3 steel cans per week for a year (as compared to throwing the cans in the trash)?

Question 28 options:

72,000 Btu
155,000 Btu
312,000 Btu
440,000 Btu

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Question 29 (1 point)

 

In the U.S., about _______ QBtu of energy is used each year in fuel used for transportation.

Question 29 options:

a) 27 QBtu
b) 20 QBtu
c) 13 QBtu
d) 6 QBtu

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Question 30 (1 point)

 

According to the Transportation Energy Data Book, the expected fuel economy at 55 miles per hour as compared with 75 miles per hour increases by ______ miles per gallon.

Question 30 options:

a) 7 mpg
b) 5 mpg
c) 2 mpg
d) 10 mpg

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Question 31 (1 point)

 

In terms of traffic fatalities per vehicle mile, which mode of transportation is the safest?

Question 31 options:

a) bus
b) auto
c) airplane
d) train

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Question 32 (1 point)

 

During a vehicle crash, a person undergoes serious accelerations.  What is the maximum magnitude of accleration a person can withstand and still live?

Question 32 options:

a) 10 g
b) 30 g
c) 120 g
d) 60 g

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Question 33 (1 point)

 

Under normal conditions (adiabatic lapse rate is -0.65 degrees C per 100 meters) what is the temperature at the top of an 18,000 foot mountain if the temperature is 72 degrees F at sea level?

Question 33 options:

a) 8 degrees F
b) 12 degrees F
c) 22 degrees F
d) 32 degrees F

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Question 34 (1 point)

 

The springtime pH in Minnesota’s surface water is about 5.0.  This means the H+ concentration is how many times greater than “neutral”?

Question 34 options:

a) 2 times
b) 100 times
c) 56 times
d) 316 times

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Question 35 (1 point)

 

What does the Dobson unit measure?

Question 35 options:

a) concentration of carbon dioxide
b) concentration of ozone
c) concentration of H+ ions
d) concentration of CFCs

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Question 36 (1 point)

 

The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere was about 280 ppm in 1860 (before we began burning fossil fuels).  What is it today?

Question 36 options:

a) 340 ppm
b) 380 ppm
c) 320 ppm
d) 290 ppm

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Question 37 (1 point)

 

Why is it that CO_2 and H_2O are culprits in the so-called greenhouse effect?

Question 37 options:

a) ultraviolet radiation can’t make it past
b) ultraviolet radiation can move right past
c) infrared radiation can’t make it past
d) infrared radiation can move right past

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Question 38 (1 point)

 

The acid rain problem in North America is primarily attributable to

Question 38 options:

a) burning gasoline in our cars
b) burning natural gas in our homes
c) the CO_2 from burning any of the fossil fuels
d) the SO_2 from burning coal at power plants

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Question 39 (1 point)

 

Approximately how many traffic-related fatalities are there per year in the U.S.?

Question 39 options:

a) 42,000
b) 32,000
c) 16,000
d) 8,000

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Question 40 (1 point)

 

What percentage of American workers drive their vehicles to work (alone)?

Question 40 options:

a) 33
b) 46
c) 58
d) 76

 

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What is energy?

 
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