Research Method Questions. 1. What is the independent variable?

 

 

2. What is the dependent variable?

 

 

3. Which one of the research designs below enables use to determine cause and effect?

 

A. correlational B. descriptive C. experimental D. A & C

 

4. The “scientific method” refers to

A. historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place. B. the specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research. C. an abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions. D. the development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.

 

5. In a study that investigates the effects of two different doses of a drug on memory performance, memory

performance represents the ____ variable and doses of the drug represent the ____variable.

 

A. correlational; confounding B. experimental; control C. dependent; independent D. independent; dependent

6. When the three requirements for causal inference are met, an experiment is said to be

A. balanced. B. internally valid. C. an independent groups design. D. held constant.

 

 

7. The extent to which findings from a study can be used to describe different populations, settings, and conditions is referred to as

A. sampling. B. internal validity. C. external validity. D. the multimethod approach.

 

8. The statement of a research hypothesis includes

A. an explanation for why a particular behavior is under investigation. B. a predicted outcome and an explanation for the outcome. C. an overview of previous research findings regarding the topic. D. all of these

 

9. You are investigating how sleep affects memory. You assign half of your participants to sleep for 8 hours and half to sleep for 4 hours. You then have participants complete a questionnaire asking them to recall how many times their parents brought them to the zoo as a child. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning this experiment?

 

A. The independent variable is recall.

B. The dependent variable is recall.

C. The independent variable is amount of sleep.

D. Sleep is expected to affect memory.

 

10. What does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?

 

A. Makes sure a proposed study is ethical

B. Makes sure a study was conducted according to the plan

C. Makes sure a study will employ a method that produces quality data

D. A & C

 

11. A researcher computes an inferential statistic to test the difference between mean scores for an experimental group and a control group. The probability of the obtained statistical value for the t-test is .025, which is less than the alpha level of significance (p < .05). The researcher should

A. reduce the alpha level of significance to .025 to form a definite conclusion. B. accept the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small; thus, the independent variable had no effect. C. reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small; thus, the independent variable had a reliable effect on the dependent variable. D. neither accept nor reject the null hypothesis of no difference because the probability value of .025 is significantly different than .05.

 

 

12. When participants begin an experiment but fail to complete it, the internal validity of the experiment can be threatened. Which of the following types of subject loss poses the most serious threat to internal validity?

 

A. the loss occurs because of an error by the experimenter. B. the loss leads to different numbers of participants in the groups in the experiment. C. the loss occurs because of equipment failure. D. the loss occurs because of some characteristic of the participant that is related to the outcome of the study.

13. A potential problem that arises when evaluating research findings presented in the media (e.g., television,

magazines, online) is that

A. those reporting the findings have little financial stake in the public’s acceptance of the findings. B. important aspects of the research method are likely not reported. C. the findings may be from research studies conducted in other countries. D. all of these

 

14. A researcher randomly assigns one classroom to a new teaching method and a second classroom to the

control condition (the regular teaching method). This researcher faces the potential problem of confounding due to

A. experimenter effects. B. selective subject loss. C. intact groups. D. extraneous variables.

15. (4 points) You are interested in studying the role that gender plays in math performance and verbal skills.

You study girls and boys who range in age from 6 to 10 years. Write a hypothesis for your experiment.

 

16. Informed consent forms are required for studies to

A. have a contract between subjects and researchers.

B. make subjects aware of what they are signing up for.

C. Protect participants, researchers, and their institutions.

D. All of the above

17. Which of the following is an example of an individual differences (subject) variable?

A. individuals randomly assigned to one of three different treatments in a diabetes study B. an independent variable involving three levels of nicotine in a smoking cessation program C. a law enforcement training program compared over a 4-week or an 8-week period D. individuals classified as introverted or extraverted in a study of alcohol use

 

 

18. Which of the following represents the basic question addressed by the risk/benefit ratio?

A. Are the risks in a study greater than minimal risk? B. Will the researcher’s reputation be enhanced or hurt by the study’s findings? C. Are the benefits (to individual participants and society) of a study greater than the risks? D. Are the benefits gained by individuals greater than the risks posed to society?

 

19. When the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater than

those encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine tests, we say that the risk is

A. minor risk. B. daily risk. C. static risk. D. minimal risk.

 

20. A teacher tried a new method of teaching math to her third-grade students. She compared the scores

on their math test to the scores for students she taught last year using the old teaching method. What are the independent and dependent variables in her study?

A. IV = new teaching method; DV = old teaching method

B. IV = math scores; DV = new teaching method

C. IV = teaching method; DV = math scores

D. IV = math scores; DV = teaching method

21. Explain the difference between deception by omission and deception by commission (you can use examples

to help you explain the difference).

 

 

 

 

22. Match the major approaches to research for each of the following studies.

 

a) descriptive b) relational c) experimental

 

__ Observing that with greater consumption of coffee comes greater clarity of thought

__ Observing how many people do or do not drink coffee and how many people think clearly or poorly

__ Giving half of the people at work coffee, and the other half none, and then comparing their ability to think clearly

 

23. A researcher studying interpersonal communication measured the time that couples made eye contact during a conversation. Which descriptive statistics would most commonly be used to describe the researcher’s duration measurements?

A. mean and standard deviation B. median and difference scores C. mode and correlation D. proportion and percentage

24. The primary means scientists use to establish control in their observations is to

A. systematically manipulate an independent variable in an experiment. B. train multiple observers. C. establish the accuracy and precision of their measurements. D. observe many dependent variables.

 

25. In a study examining the number of proofreading errors make when students are tested while reading under

bright or dim lighting, the number of proofreading errors represents the

A. control variable. B. intervening variable. C. dependent variable. D. independent variable.

 

26. Researchers may not be required to obtain informed consent in which of the following situations?

 

A. when doing research with children B. when doing research that involves more than minimal risk C. when observing behavior in public settings with no intervention D. when asking participants to complete questionnaires on the Internet

 

27. A researcher read a research report indicating that a certain medication was found to be effective when tested on men. The researcher plans to do an experiment testing the effectiveness of the same medication, but in his experiment both men and women will be tested. The researcher is planning to do a

A. partial replication of the experiment to test the reliability and external validity of the finding from the original experiment. B. replication of the experiment to test the internal validity of the original experiment. C. replication of the experiment to test the sensitivity of the original experiment. D. partial replication of the experiment to test the statistical power of the original experiment.

28. The term scientists use to refer to a psychological concept is

 

A. construct. B. validity. C. variability. D. operational definition.

 

29. Which of the following is not required of researchers in an informed consent procedure?

A. description of the nature of the research B. reasons for why deception is used in the research C. information that might influence participants’ willingness to participate D. all of these are required

 

30. If a psychology student wants to do research involving human participants, which of the following has the

ultimate authority to approve, disapprove, or require modifications prior to the approval of the student’s research?

A. the department chairperson B. the university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) C. the university’s IACUC D. the faculty sponsor of the research

 

31. A researcher develops a brief questionnaire measure of people’s level of optimism. To determine whether

his measure is a good one, he asks a sample of people to complete his questionnaire twice, separated by one month. At the second session, he also asks his participants to complete another measure of optimism—one that has been an accepted measure of optimism for many years. Using this procedure, the researcher is establishing the

A. independent variable of optimism. B. precision and accuracy of his measure. C. reliability and validity of his measure. D. nomothetic and idiographic features of optimism.

 

32. Research has indicated that amount of undergraduate research activity predicts measures of later success in

the profession of psychology. For this prediction to be possible, undergraduate research activity and later success must be

A. circular. B. qualitative. C. causal. D. correlated.

 

33. For a class research project, students conceal themselves in bathroom stalls in order to observe

conversational behavior of individuals at sinks in the washroom. They count the number of words spoken by women and men in their respective washrooms. The most important ethical issue in this research is

A. debriefing. B. informed consent. C. privacy. D. deception.

 

34. Random assignment to conditions works to balance participants’ individual differences across conditions of the experiment by

A. matching individuals on key variables. B. asking individuals to participate in each condition of the experiment. C. forming groups based on an individual differences variable the researcher selects. D. generating groups of participants that are equivalent, on average.

 

35. Identify two ways in which debriefing benefits the participant and one way in which it benefits

the researcher.

 

 

36. (4 points) The procedure for using block randomization in an independent-groups experiment with three conditions (A, B, C) and 60 subjects is to

A. generate twenty random orders of the conditions (e.g., ACB, BAC) and assign subjects one block at a time (i.e., 3 subjects in the first block, 3 in the second block, and so on). B. generate one random order of conditions (e.g., ACB) and test the first 20 subjects in condition A, the second 20 subjects in condition C, and the last 20 subjects in condition B. C. select intact groups of 20 subjects each and randomly assign the groups to condition A, B, or C. D. generate sixty random orders of the conditions, one for each subject.

 

37. When scientists conduct research, they seek to

A. use only real-world settings. B. use only laboratory settings. C. describe the findings only for people and circumstances who participated in their study. D. generalize their findings beyond the people and circumstances used in their study.

 

38. Greater risk in a research study is acceptable when

A. clear and immediate benefits to the participants are expected. B. the research has obvious scientific and social value. C. valid and interpretable results will be produced. D. all of these

 

39. A researcher conducted an experiment in which participants played either a violent or a nonviolent video game. After the game, the researcher measured hostile cognitions. The effect size, Cohen’s d, for the difference in mean hostile cognition between the violent and nonviolent conditions was .83. Based on this, it is possible to state that the video game independent variable had a _______ effect on hostile cognition in this experiment.

A. nonsignificant B. small C. medium D. large

 

40. A(n) __________ is a logically organized set of propositions that serves to define events, describe

relationships among events, and explain the occurrence of events.

A. theory B. intervening variable C. hypothesis D. causal inference

 

 

41. (6 points) A researcher was interested in whether divorce and remarriage influence the extent to which children are sociable. At a nearby school, the researcher classified 5th-graders into one of three groups: intact parents (no divorce), divorced (single-parent families), and remarried parents. The researcher interviewed the 5th-graders and rated their sociability, and also asked them to complete a questionnaire that assessed their level of comfort in different social situations. What type of experimental design did this researcher use?

 

What is the independent variable?

 

What is the dependent variable?

 

42. (8 points) A researcher tested whether exposure to images of very thin fashion models causes young women to be dissatisfied with their own body, compared to exposure to athletic body images or neutral (non-body) images. She randomly assigned 120 women from an introductory psychology course to one of three exposure conditions: very thin female images, athletic female images, or neutral images (e.g., household objects). Each condition had 10 images, projected individually on a large screen. The young women participated in small groups. Each image was displayed for 1 minute, for a total of 10 minutes of exposure. After viewing each image, participants wrote for 30 seconds a description of the image (the participants were led to believe their memory was being tested). After viewing the images, the women completed a questionnaire about satisfaction with their body. Negative scores indicate body dissatisfaction and positive scores indicate satisfaction with their body. The mean scores for each condition were as follows:  

What type of experimental design did this researcher use?

 

Describe the independent variable in this study.

 

Describe the dependent variable in this study.

 

Someone unfamiliar with research methods criticizes the findings by arguing that women who viewed the very thin images probably were more dissatisfied with their bodies even before participating in the experiment. State whether you agree or disagree with this argument and explain your reasoning.

Research Method Questions

 

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Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health Exercise. Scenario

 

Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health

 

Students please note : It is assumed that you have an understanding of organic molecules as presented in your text book. If not, you should read chapter 3 in your text book dealing with organic molecules. At a minimum, you need to look over the sections associated with lipids. At the end of the scenario, there are some links listed to web sites that you might find useful.

 

 

Its time for your annual physical examination…

 

Suppose that you were visiting your doctor for an annual physical examination. While you were in the waiting room, you picked up and began to read a pamphlet about dietary fats (lipids) and their impacts on health. In order to remember them later, you typed some of the important points into a file on your laptop. To refresh your memory, and for your convenience (and the rest of the class), these notes can be seen below.

 

Notes on Lipids and Health

 

True lipids (triglycerides)

· composed of a glycerol molecule covalently bound to three fatty acid side chains

· hydrophobic molecules, meaning they are non-polar and don’t mix with water

· a group of triglycerides is called a fat

 

Saturated fats

· solid at room temperature (think of fat on an uncooked steak)

· hydrocarbon chains in fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

· maximum number of hydrogens are covalently bound to the carbons, thereby “saturating” them

· ( Saturated Fatty Acid )animal fats such as lard and butter are usually high in saturated fatty acids

 

 

 

 

Unsaturated fats

· liquid (oils) at room temperature

· hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids have at least one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) carbon-carbon double covalent bonds

· double bonds cause bends in the molecules and also leave them “unsaturated” with hydrogens

· unsaturated fats are found in plant oils such as olive or canola oil

( Monounsaturated Fatty Acid )

 

Dietary fatty acids

· fatty acids are a necessary component of a complete diet

· fatty acids are found in foods such as fatty meats, plant oils and dairy products

· certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (called essential fatty acids) cannot be synthesized by the human body and must come from the diet

· one such essential fatty acid is linoleic acid which can be found in foods such as sunflower oil and almonds

· both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids can be found in plant oils

 

( Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid )

 

 

Trans fats

· are triglycerides that contain trans fatty acids

· Trans means “across” so…

· a trans fatty acid is an unsaturated one in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule

· produced by the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated vegetable oils

· hydrogenation decreases the number of carbon-carbon double covalent bonds in the molecules and creates what are known as “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” vegetable oils

· trans configuration gives the fatty acids chemical properties more similar to saturated fatty acids (such as lack of bends in the molecules) and can also lead to some accumulation of “bad” types of cholesterol when consumed

· trans fats are found in any hydrogenated oils, so margarines and shortening made from vegetable oils are major sources

· since they are made from plant oils, these were once touted as being much healthier than saturated animal fats

 

 

· in cis fatty acids, the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule.

· Almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are cis isomers

 

 

 

 

So, the doctor says your cholesterol is too high…

 

When you were finally called back to a room, your doctor said that a standard analysis of your blood showed that your total cholesterol level was 250mg/dL (a dL=deciliter, or 1/10 of a liter, 100mL). He/she explained that a total cholesterol level of 240mg/dL or above is considered high and is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD).

 

In continuing conversations with your physician, you learned that as a general rule cholesterol is not always “bad.” In fact, cholesterol is a necessary component of cell membranes and is a vital part of normal metabolic processes, including formation of other steroids. In addition to looking at total cholesterol concentration in your blood, your doctor emphasized that it is important to take notice of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which make up major fractions of the total cholesterol and may be more accurate indicators of CAD risk.

 

Your LDL fraction was found to be 195mg/dL which is considered very high.

 

After seeing your very high LDL number, your physician went on to say that the role of LDLs is to carry cholesterol around in the bloodstream and deposit it where it is needed. Unfortunately, if the level of LDLs becomes too high they can also deposit the cholesterol in arteries, forming “plaques” and clogging the arteries. On the other hand, HDLs are responsible for carrying excess cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver where it can be metabolized or “reprocessed” for other purposes. So, with this in mind, cholesterol bound in LDLs is often called “bad cholesterol” and cholesterol bound in HDLs is called “good cholesterol”. In order to avoid CAD, the average person should attempt to raise the level of HDLs in their blood and lower the level of LDLs, although both are needed at some level in the blood.

 

At this point, your doctor strongly urged you to exercise regularly and watch your diet because consumption of fats can have a profound effect on cholesterol levels in the body. However, it turns out that it is probably the types of fat, not the total amount of fat that you eat that may determine incidence of CAD. In fact, a 2001 study by Frank Hu and colleagues at the Harvard School of Public Health showed that different parts of the world with similar total fat intake had very different amounts of death from CAD. Individuals in countries where the fats eaten were mainly in the form of saturated fats and trans fats had much higher incidences of death from CAD than individuals in countries where the fats were mainly consumed in the form of polyunsaturated fats containing omega-3 fatty acids. In general, the study showed that consumption of saturated fats and trans fats tended to increase LDL cholesterol while consumption of polyunsaturated fats tended to both decrease LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol.

 

References

Hu, FB, Manson, JE, and Willett, WC. 2001. Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20:5-19.

 

Useful Links:

More explanation about trans fats from the FDA

http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm109832.htm#unhide

 

Understanding cholesterol numbers website

http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/guide/understanding-numbers

 

Government information about reading nutrition labels

http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm078889.htm

 

 

Pre-Activity Assignment: Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health ________________________ Name

Read the Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health reading and Chapter 3 in the text book and then answer the following questions before class.

 

1. A trans fatty acid is one

a. that has no carbon-carbon double bonds directly adjacent to each other.

b. that is a major component of phospholipids in cell membranes.

c. in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on opposite sides of the molecule.

d. in which the hydrogens attached to adjacent carbons in a carbon-carbon double covalent bond are on the same side of the molecule.

e. that is saturated with hydrogens.

 

2. Types of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary in the human diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body are called _____________ fatty acids.

a. essential

b. important

c. trans

d. omega-3

e. hydrophobic

 

3. Generations of Americans were introduced to trans fats in their diet in the form of ____________ which was hailed as a healthy alternative to the saturated fats found in butter and lard.

a. Coconut oil

b. Olive oil

c. Margarine

d. Canola oil

e. Beef tallow

 

4. HDL stands for

a. Highly dense lipid.

b. Hydrogenated dark lipid.

c. High density lipid.

d. Hydrogenated dense lipoprotein.

e. High density lipoprotein.

 

5. In the next class meeting you will work in small collaborative groups to answer four question sets. Each person in the group will act as the ‘facilitator’ for one question set, leading the group discussion, promoting input from each of the other students (who will be acting as ‘discussants’) and formalizing the group response. In the role of a discussant, students provide their knowledge, experience and perspectives, compare and contrast the inputs of other members of the group and collaborate in the formulation of the group response. At the end of the activity, you may be called on to present your group’s answers to one of the question sets (not necessarily the one you were the facilitator for). You will act as both a facilitator and a discussant in the activity.

Make sure you have critically analyzed the Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health scenario and chapter 3 in the text book so that you are prepared to participate in all aspects of the group activity. Bring the scenario with you to the next class meeting.

 

Activity—Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health (Critical Question Sets)

1. Plaque Formation in Arteries: High levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream can lead to formation of “plaques” in the arteries.

 

_________________________________

Facilitator

 

 

· What are the potential health consequences of coronary arteries being clogged by “plaques”?

 

 

 

 

 

· Name some specific foods that might lead to increased LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream.

 

 

 

 

 

· What do these foods contain that could cause this?

 

 

 

 

2. Nutrition Labels: Analyze the nutrition label below and answer the following questions.

 

______ ___________________________

Facilitator

 

· How much total fat, saturated fat and trans fat does this product contain per serving?

 

 

 

 

· How many grams of total fat would a person consume if he/she ate the whole container?

 

 

· How many calories are from fat per serving?

 

 

 

· Calculate the percentage of the total calories per serving that come from total fat?

 

 

 

 

· Based on a 2,000 calorie diet, what percent of the USDA’s percent daily value for total fat would be consumed per serving? Calculate the percent if the whole container was consumed?

 

 

 

· Based on what you know about trans fats, do you think there are hydrogenated oils in this product? Explain.

 

 

 

3. Hydrogenation of Oils: Answer the following questions about hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

_________ _____________ ___________

Facilitator

 

· What is the reason behind hydrogenating vegetable oils? What effect does the hydrogenation process have on their chemical and physical properties?

 

 

 

 

 

· Draw both a cis isomer and a trans isomer of a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Which would be produced by the hydrogenation process?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Cholesterol Profiles: Answer the following question using what you know about cholesterol and the tables to the right that show health categories based on blood levels of different fractions of cholesterol.

 

___________ _____________________

Facilitator

 

 

· Circle the blood cholesterol profile below that you think would be most desirable? What about this profile made you choose it over the others? Explain why you didn’t choose each of the other two.

 

 

 

 

(a) (b) (c)

 

 

 

Post-Activity Assignment: Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health ________________________

Name

 

6. Which one of the following diagrams represents a trans fatty acid?

 

 

a.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

c.

 

 

 

d.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. Which one of the following would be solid at room temperature?

a. Cis fatty acids

b. Corn oil

c. Peanut oil

d. Saturated fats such as lard (pig fat)

e. Unsaturated fats

 

 

 

8. A true lipid is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. What type of reaction is used to link each of the fatty acids to a glycerol molecule?

a. Dehydration

b. Hydrolysis

c. Dehydrohalogenation

d. Hydrogenation

e. Hydroxylation

 

9. Food companies can tag their products on the nutrition label as having 0g of trans fats if they have <0.5g of trans fat per serving. What could be found in the ingredients list that is probably a better indicator of the presence of trans fats in foods than the trans fat line on the nutrition label?

a. Lard

b. Hydrogenated oils

c. Palm oil

d. Olive oil

e. Almonds

 

10. Consumption of which of the following is most likely to raise your HDL and also lower your LDL levels?

a. Trans fats

b. Saturated fats

c. Lard

d. Polyunsaturated fats

e. Margarine

 

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Fatty Acids, Nutrition and Health Exercise

 

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