Applied Human Genetics

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Applied Human Genetics.

Lab 5: Follow the instructions and complete the assignment below. Submit your answers through the Lab 5 Assignment on Blackboard.

Lab 5 1

Lab 5: Solvents and cells

Part 1: Chemistry of Molecules Read/watch the provided resources and take notes, applying the information to what we learned this week. CO2 and Soda: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFCeV5BVBh0 Dissolving M&Ms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umJmRaG6v80 When you are finished, answer the following questions: 1. You are having a debate with a friend about the science behind the Diet Coke and Mentos phenomenon. Your friend thinks that since the volume of matter after the experiment (the big mess) seems to be more than what was originally present in the individual components (soda/Mentos) before they were combined, that the “explosion” is the result of carbon dioxide being produced (made) by the reaction. Is this true? Does the amount of carbon dioxide increase through this reaction? Use what you’ve learned this week to verify or debunk your friend’s argument.

2. During the M&Ms experiment, why did the scientist emphasize that each of the treatments in this experiment needed to be stirred the same say, for the same length of time?

3. For the M&M experiment, name and describe the chemical property that is demonstrated by both the sugar and the candy coloring in the shell of an M&M that permits dissolution in the water, but not in the oil.

4. In your own words discuss this quote. Was Jamf mistaken in his understanding of the relative strengths of ionic and covalent bonds? Explain why/why not (in your own words!).

 

5. The scientific field of organic chemistry is based entirely on studying the chemical structure and reactivity (bonds and chemical reactions) of carbon containing molecules. Based on what you learned in class this week, discuss why carbon is so important that entire fields of study are dedicated to understanding and applying it.

 

 

 

 

Lab 5: Follow the instructions and complete the assignment below. Submit your answers through the Lab 5 Assignment on Blackboard.

Lab 5 2

Part 2: A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words This unit we learned about cells, their structure, and how they carry out the processes of life. We know that there are size restrictions that prevent living cells from being too small or too large. However, the rules that govern cell size may be more complex than scientists originally thought. The existence of ultra-small living cells has been debated for two decades. This debate was settled in February of 2015, when researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Laboratory at UC Berkeley obtained the first microscopy images of ultra-small bacteria- about as small as life can get. Follow this youtube link to view the research images/reconstructed videos of the cell structure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofNrtg-FpSc; primary article may be provided upon request. This part of the lab will focus on a popular media ScienceDaily article that summarizes the researchers’ findings. However, before we investigate these ultra-small nanobes, it is important that we fully comprehend the history and scientific impact behind this debate. For this, you’ll need to read the following extract: “In 1996, researchers published a description of a meteorite that fell from Mars, which sparked a long and complicated debate over the existence of what they called ‘nanobacteria’, later also described as nanobes. Various teams argued over whether life, theoretically, could live to be that size, but the debate didn’t really get anywhere because no one really had any evidence for either side. One side said all the things needed for life – DNA, RNA, proteins and solvents – couldn’t actually fit inside a cell that small, while others said life could be that small, but just in a starved, inactive state. Researchers argued over the theoretical limit for how small a cell could get in diameter and volume, and one team even reported finding some marine nanobes, but lacked direct microscopic evidence to prove they fit inside the size range to classify them as such. But now, such bacteria found in some Colorado groundwater have been imaged, and these things are undeniably tiny – several times tinier than several estimates for the lower size limit of life on Earth, in fact. And as difficult as it is to see them, the researchers think they could actually be quite common.” http://www.sciencealert.com/new-images-reveal-the-tiniest-known-life-forms-on-earth Next, click the link to read the article describing researchers’ findings and use this information, along with what you learned this week to answer the provided questions. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150227181339.htm When you are finished, answer the following questions: 6. The image at the beginning of the ScienceDaily article shows and describes the visible structure of the cell, and the authors state: “The cell has a very dense interior compartment and a complex cell wall.” As you remember from your readings, not all cell types contain a cell wall. What kinds of cells, other than bacteria, would you expect to possess a cell wall? List the

 

 

Lab 5: Follow the instructions and complete the assignment below. Submit your answers through the Lab 5 Assignment on Blackboard.

Lab 5 3

functions that this structure provides for these organisms. How do organisms that don’t have a cell wall execute these same functions? 7. The image at the beginning of the ScienceDaily article shows and describes the visible structure of the cell, and the authors state: “The darker spots at each end of the cell are most likely ribosomes.” Of all the different structures that could exist within a cell, why do you think that the authors think that these are ribosomes? (Hint: think about the types of cellular structures that are/aren’t found within bacteria, and what ribosomes do, and the importance of that job, within a cell.)

8. Interestingly, the ScienceDaily article states: “images also revealed dividing cells, indicating the bacteria were healthy and not starved to an abnormally small size.” This statement implies that in order for cells to divide they must be “healthy”. Discuss the requirements that a “healthy” eukaryotic cell must meet before it will under cell division. What are the consequences if a eukaryotic cell divides even if these requirements are not met? 9. The ScienceDaily authors state: “About 150 of these bacteria could fit inside an Escherichia coli cell and more than 150,000 cells could fit onto the tip of a human hair”. To provide you with some context so that you can really understand this statement: the spherical diameter of a

typical Escherichia coli cell is 1.3 m (micrometers), and the spherical diameter of these new

ultra-small bacteria is ~0.23 m. Compare the SVR of these new ultra-small bacteria to that of a typical E. coli cell (Hint: you need to calculate the SVR for each), which organism has a larger SVR, does this make sense in the context of the size of the cell? 10. Throughout the ScienceDaily article, the researchers studying these tiny bacteria acknowledge the challenges that such small cells face when it comes to performing the basic functions of life, and the additional challenges that limit our ability to study such small organisms. This makes sense, considering that previously calculated theoretical minimum diameter of a cell was established (and generally accepted by respected scientists and experts

in the field) to be 0.250-0.30 m. The authors say, “There isn’t a consensus over how small a free-living organism can be, and what the space optimization strategies may be for a cell at the lower size limit for life.” Why, before this, did scientists think that living cells couldn’t be much smaller than this lower limit (why is it that when a cell is too small, that it “can’t” survive)?

11. Choose another statement/quote from this article (or the other summary or the original research paper) and discuss how it relates to the material that we learned this week. Be sure to use specific examples (and your own words).

Applied Human Genetics

 
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BioChemistry Test

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BioChemistry Test.

Question 1.1. Rank butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH), and pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3) in order of increasing boiling point. (From lowest to highest.) (Points : 3)

butane < butanoic acid < pentane        butane < pentane < butanoic acid        butanoic acid < pentane < butane        pentane < butanoic acid < butane

 

Question 2.2. Choose the equilibrium constant that indicates the greatest relative amount of reactant concentration at equilibrium. (Points : 3)

1.1 x 10–7        2.3 x 107        6.7 x 102        8.3 x 10–2

 

 

Question 3.3. Which of the following is the conjugate acid of NH3? (Points : 3)

NH2-        NH4+        HNO3        H3O+

 

 

Question 4.4. What volume of 0.200 M HCl is required to completely neutralize 50.00 mL of 0.150 M KOH? (Points : 3)

7.50 mL        50.0 mL        66.7 mL        37.5 mL

 

 

Question 5.5. The fluid mosaic model  proposes that (Points : 3)

membranes can move like a fluid.        proteins are embedded into the cell membrane.        materials that are fluid move across a membrane.        the composition of membranes includes a mosaic fluid

 

 

Question 6.6. The IUPAC name of the molecule below is                                        (Points : 3)

hydroxyl -2,4-dichlorocyclohexene        3,4-dichlorophenol        2,4-dichlorophenol        1,3-dichlorophenol

 

 

Question 7.7. Which of the following is the conjugate base of the acid, carbonic acid?  (Points : 3)

H2CO3        H2O        H3O+        HCO3–

 

 

Question 8.8. How many alkane constitutional isomers exist with the formula C5H12? (Points : 3)

2        3        4        more than 5

 

 

Question 9.9. The side chain of the amino acid tyrosine is shown here. The side chain is classified as ___. (Points : 3)

nonpolar        polar-acidic        polar-basic        polar-neutral

 

 

Question 10.10. Which of the following lipids is not derived from cholesterol? (Points : 3)

progesterone        thromboxane        cortisol        testosterone   51.Which is an α-amino acid?   *a)  b)  c)  d)

 

 

Question 11.11. Antacids may contain which ion to reduce acidity? (Points : 3)

Na+        CO32–        Al3+        Cl–

 

 

Question 12.12. In which of the following levels of protein structure can hydrogen bonding NOT play a role? (Points : 3)

primary        secondary        tertiary        quaternary

 

 

Question 13.13. What is the pH of a solution in which [H3O]+ is 2.2 x 10-12 M? (Points : 3)

2.34        4.54 x 10-3        11.66        8.42

 

 

Question 14.14. What level of protein structure is not disturbed by denaturing? (Points : 3)

tertiary structure        primary structure        secondary structure        quaternary structure

 

 

Question 15.15. The pH of a 1.25 x 10-3 M NaOH solution is: (Points : 3)

2.90        7.00        11.1        3.10        10.9

 

 

Question 16.16. What is the concentration of [H3O+] in an aqueous solution when the [OH-] is 5.2 x 10-9 M? (Points : 3)

1.9 x 10-6 M        5.7 M        1.0 x 10-14 M        9.8 x 10-9 M

 

 

Question 17.17. The element found in the center of the heme prosthetic group is ___. (Points : 3)

iron        sulfur        nitrogen        carbon

 

 

Question 18.18. The Ka for the reaction of acetic acid and water shown below is 1.8 x 10-5.   Which of the following statements is true at pH 7? (Points : 3)

there is much more acetic acid than acetate ion        there is more acetate ion than acetic acid        the concentration of acetate ion is equal to that of acetic acid        the pH is lower than pKa of acetic acid

 

 

Question 19.19. Which of the following statements is true about alkanes? (Points : 3)

alkanes contain polar bonds        alkanes are attracted to one another by London forces        alkanes are polar molecules        alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

 

 

Question 20.20. The structure of glycerophospholipids contains (Points : 3)

a phosphate group, glycerol, three fatty acids, and a sugar molecule.        a phosphate group, glycerol, two fatty acids, and an alcohol molecule.        a phosphate group, a cyclic carbon ring, and variable numbers of fatty acids.        a phosphate group, a carbohydrate molecule, an alcohol, and fatty acids.

 

 

Question 21.21.  Kw, the equilibrium constant for the ionization of water by the equation below, is 1.0 x 10-14. What does that mean when we are considering pure water?  (Points : 3)

More ions exist than water molecules.        The majority of the molecules present are in the form of H2O.        The amount of water is the same as the amount of the ions present.        There will always be more hydronium ions present than water at equilibrium.

 

 

Question 22.22. Carbon must form how many bonds? (Points : 3)

1        2        3        4

 

 

Question 23.23. What is the function of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)? (Points : 3)

To interrupt the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.        To interfere with the production of anabolic steroids.        To facilitate the production of cyclooxygenase.        To stimulate the production of leukotrienes.

 

 

Question 24.24. You produce 500 mL of a 0.001 M HClO4, which ionizes completely in water. What is the pH you should expect? (Points : 3)

pH = 0.5        pH = 3.0        pH = 2.7        pH = 500

 

 

Question 25.25. The α-helix and β-pleated sheet are both forms of the ___ structure of proteins. (Points : 3)

primary        secondary        tertiary        quaternary

 

 

Question 26.26. The ethylammonium ion, CH3CH2NH3+ has a pKa of 10.81. It reacts with water to form ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2 and H3O+ as shown below. Which of the following statements is true at pH 7? (Points : 3)

ethylammonium ion predominates        ethylamine predominates        the concentration of ethylamine equals that of ethylammonium ion        the pH is higher than pKa of the ethylammonium ion

 

 

Question 27.27. Which of the following is the conjugate acid of the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-? (Points : 3)

H2CO3        CO32-        CO2        H3O+

 

 

Question 28.28. A solution in which the concentration of H+ is greater than the concentration of OH- will (Points : 3)

have a pH greater than 7.0 and be basic.        have a pH less than 7.0 and be basic.        have a pH greater than 7.0 and be acidic.        have a pH less than 7.0 and be acidic.

 

 

Question 29.29. Whenever an equilibrium constant, Keq, has a value greater than 1, which of the following statements is true at equilibrium? (Points : 3)

The concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of the products.        The concentration of products is the same as the concentration of reactants.        The concentration of the products is greater than the concentration of the reactants.        Relative composition of reaction mixture cannot be predicted.

 

 

Question 30.30. The term commonly used for a chain of amino acids 100 units long is ___. (Points : 3)

peptide        oligopeptide        polypeptide        centapeptide

 

 

Question 31.31. Which material would be effective for neutralizing a minor acid spill? (Points : 3)

soap solution        vinegar solution        baking soda        household ammonia

 

 

Question 32.32. One characteristic of basic solution is that (Points : 3)

the solution would turn litmus red.        the solution would have a slippery feel to it.        the solution would have a sour taste.        the solution would dissolve some metals.

 

 

Question 33.33. Give the correct IUPAC name for the following molecule:  (Points : 3)

3, 4-Dimethylpentane        2,3-Dimethyl heptane        2,3-Dimethylpentane        1,1,2-Trimethylpentane

 

 

Question 34.34. A Ka can be calculated for some chemical reactions. The Ka is (Points : 3)

the Keq for the reaction to the right.        the Keq for the reaction to the left.        the Keq for the dissociation of an acid.        the pH of a very weak solution.

 

 

Question 35.35. The equation: has the following equilibrium constant expression. (Points : 3)

 

BioChemistry Test

 
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Anatomy And Physciology

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Anatomy And Physciology. Hello I need this case study done with her diagnosis  it at least 10 questions i need about her condition.

 

First Assigment:

Allison is a 32-year-old female with the following symptoms: dismal facial expression; droopy eyelids; swollen face and periorbital areas; thin, dry hair; dry, crusty skin; evidence of intellectual impairment; lethargy; a change of personality; bradycardia (59 b/min); blood pressure of 93/72; anemia (hematocrit 28); enlarged heart (upon radiological exam); constipation, and hypothermia. Plasma concentrations of total and free T4 and T3 include:

 

 

Second assignment:  I need these questions answered with at least 5 sentencess for each questions.

 

For the Week 1 Critical Thinking Exercise, you will answer the following questions using your critical thinking and reasoning skills:

1. In relation to homeostasis, explain why a person with toxic goiter tends to sweat profusely.

 

2. Explain how the action of a peptide hormone is similar to the action of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Hello I need this case study done with her diagnosis  it at least 10 questions i need about her condition.

 

First Assigment:

Allison is a 32-year-old female with the following symptoms: dismal facial expression; droopy eyelids; swollen face and periorbital areas; thin, dry hair; dry, crusty skin; evidence of intellectual impairment; lethargy; a change of personality; bradycardia (59 b/min); blood pressure of 93/72; anemia (hematocrit 28); enlarged heart (upon radiological exam); constipation, and hypothermia. Plasma concentrations of total and free T4 and T3 include:

 

 

Second assignment:  I need these questions answered with at least 5 sentencess for each questions.

 

For the Week 1 Critical Thinking Exercise, you will answer the following questions using your critical thinking and reasoning skills:

1. In relation to homeostasis, explain why a person with toxic goiter tends to sweat profusely.

 

2. Explain how the action of a peptide hormone is similar to the action of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

 

Anatomy And Physciology

 
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Evolution And The Diversity Of Life (Introduction To Biology)

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Evolution And The Diversity Of Life (Introduction To Biology). Title of Essay: Evolution and Diversity of Life

 

For this essay examination, answer the following questions in one to two short paragraphs each. Type your answers in a Word file, and name the file with your name and the exam number.

1. Compare and contrast directional selection and disruptive selection, and provide an example of each.

2. Many pathogenic bacteria species are becoming resistant to antibiotics. Explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection. (Hint: Relate this example to the conditions that are necessary for natural selection to occur.)

3. What are the major evolutionary trends that developed among major vertebrate groups, specifically those that allowed for the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life?4. Providing examples, explain how sexual reproduction in plants has evolved to become less dependent on water.

No max word count needed.

Title of Essay: Evolution and Diversity of Life

 

For this essay examination, answer the following questions in one to two short paragraphs each. Type your answers in a Word file, and name the file with your name and the exam number.

1. Compare and contrast directional selection and disruptive selection, and provide an example of each.

2. Many pathogenic bacteria species are becoming resistant to antibiotics. Explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection. (Hint: Relate this example to the conditions that are necessary for natural selection to occur.)

3. What are the major evolutionary trends that developed among major vertebrate groups, specifically those that allowed for the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life?4. Providing examples, explain how sexual reproduction in plants has evolved to become less dependent on water.

No max word count needed.

Evolution And The Diversity Of Life (Introduction To Biology)

 
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