Unit 5 – Central Dogma Assignment

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Unit 5 – Central Dogma Assignment. Assignment for BIO120 Concepts in Biology

Unit 5 Central Dogma

Due: Midnight Sunday of Unit 5

Describe the central dogma of molecular biology; briefly describe the processes of transcription and translation.

The paper should be at least 400- 500 words (~ 1 double-spaced, APA formatted page).

Students: Be sure to read the criteria, by which your paper/project will be evaluated, before you write, and again after you write.

Evaluation Rubric for Unit 5 Central Dogma

  CRITERIA Deficient

(0 Points)

 Proficient

(1 Points)

 Exemplary

(2 Points)

 Points Possible
1. Defines the central dogma of molecular biology. Does not define the central dogma of molecular biology. Inaccurately defines the central dogma of molecular biology. Accurately defines the central dogma of molecular biology. 2
2. Describes the process of transcription. Does not describe the process of transcription. Incorrectly describes the process of transcription or does not describe it completely. Correctly describes the process of transcription or indicates the molecules involved (i.e. enzyme, substrate, product). 2
3. Describes the process of translation. Does not describe the process of translation. Incorrectly describes the process of translation or does not describe it completely. Correctly describes the process of transcription or indicates the molecules involved (i.e. enzyme, substrate, product). 2
4. Indicates where transcription and translation occur in a cell. Does not indicate where transcription and translation occur in a cell. Incorrectly indicates where transcription and translation occur in a cell. Correctly indicates where transcription and translation occur in a cell. 2
5. Grammar, spelling, and formatting The essay does NOT follow the APA format guidelines or contains more than six grammatical errors or misspellings. The essay follows the APA format guidelines but contains three to six grammatical errors or misspellings. The essay follows the APA format guidelines and contains no more than three grammatical errors or misspellings. 2
6. Clear and professional writing Writing is not well-organized or cannot be easily followed or understood. Uses choppy or rambling sentences. Writing is organized and can be followed, The essay contains effective transitions between sentences Writing is clear, professional, and well-organized. Essay is can be easily followed and uses effective transitions between sentences 2
Total Points: 12

Unit 5 – Central Dogma Assignment

 
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Case Study Metatherian Mammals

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Case Study Metatherian Mammals. Follow the directions for each activity. Answer the essay questions completely using thoughtful ideas, the course text, and outside reference sources, where applicable. Proofread answers for potential writing errors. 

Part A. Metatherian Mammals

 

Part A Question1) What are metatherian mammals? What are distinguishing characteristics of metatherian mammals?

Extinct mammals, they are very few living. Metatherians, which comprise marsupials and their closest fossil relatives, were one of the most dominant clades of mammals during the Cretaceous and are the most diverse clade of living mammals after Placentalia. The only living metatherian mammals are the marsupials. There were some extinct metatherians that were not marsupials, such as the Sparassodonts, but as these have gone extinct, a metatherian is now just a synonym for a marsupial Metatherians belong to a subgroup of the northern tribosphenic mammal clade or Boreosphenida. They differ from all other mammals in certain morphologies like their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molar. In metatherians, marsupium is present which is required for carrying the infants

Part A Question2) Describe the biogeography of metatherian mammals.

Part A Question3) Using the following websites choose one extant (currently living) metatherian (marsupial) mammal species. Conduct research about the species. Discuss and analyze the species’ anatomy, ecology, and life history. Write a species account of at least 300 words correctly citing the reference source(s) you used. Scientific names are comprised of the genus (capitalized) followed by the species name (not capitalized) and they are italicized. For example, Ornithorhynchus anatinus.

 

Site Name

Web Site URL/Address

 

Mammalogy on the Internet

http://www.mammalsociety.org/mammalogy-internet

 

Tree of Life Web Project

http://www.tolweb.org/Mammalia

 

Animal Diversity Web 

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mammalia.html

 

Wilson & Reeder’s Mammal Species of the World

http://www.vertebrates.si.edu/msw/mswcfapp/msw/index.cfm

 

American Society of Mammalogists: Mammalian Species

http://www.mammalsociety.org/publications/mammalian-species

 

Mammalian Species pdf Site

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/

 

National Geographic Mammals

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/

Species Scientific Name:

Species Common Name:

Species Account:

Part B. Comparison of Metatherian and Eutherian Mammal Ecology

 

Complete the table using the websites listed in Part B. Match the eutherian (placental) mammal with a similar ecological equivalent metatherian.

 

Scientific Name of Metatherian   Mammal

Common Name

Ecological Description

Eutherian Mammal Match

 

Petaurus   breviceps

 

Vombatus ursinus

 

Myrmecobius fasciatus

 

Notoryctes typhlops

 

Dasycercus cristicauda

 

Sarcophilus harrisii

 

Thylacinus   cynocephalus

List of Eutherian Mammals to Match

Peromyscus polionotus

Talpa europaea 

Glaucomys volans

Taxidea taxus

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Canis latrans

Marmota flaviventris

Part B Essay Question: What are potential hypotheses (explanations) regarding why there are ecological equivalents between many metatherians and eutherians? Discuss your hypothesis in terms of the processes that could lead to the current ecologies and distributions of metatherians and eutherians. 

Follow the directions for each activity. Answer the essay questions completely using thoughtful ideas, the course text, and outside reference sources, where applicable. Proofread answers for potential writing errors. 

Part A. Metatherian Mammals

 

Part A Question1) What are metatherian mammals? What are distinguishing characteristics of metatherian mammals?

Extinct mammals, they are very few living. Metatherians, which comprise marsupials and their closest fossil relatives, were one of the most dominant clades of mammals during the Cretaceous and are the most diverse clade of living mammals after Placentalia. The only living metatherian mammals are the marsupials. There were some extinct metatherians that were not marsupials, such as the Sparassodonts, but as these have gone extinct, a metatherian is now just a synonym for a marsupial Metatherians belong to a subgroup of the northern tribosphenic mammal clade or Boreosphenida. They differ from all other mammals in certain morphologies like their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molar. In metatherians, marsupium is present which is required for carrying the infants

Part A Question2) Describe the biogeography of metatherian mammals.

Part A Question3) Using the following websites choose one extant (currently living) metatherian (marsupial) mammal species. Conduct research about the species. Discuss and analyze the species’ anatomy, ecology, and life history. Write a species account of at least 300 words correctly citing the reference source(s) you used. Scientific names are comprised of the genus (capitalized) followed by the species name (not capitalized) and they are italicized. For example, Ornithorhynchus anatinus.

 

Site Name

Web Site URL/Address

 

Mammalogy on the Internet

http://www.mammalsociety.org/mammalogy-internet

 

Tree of Life Web Project

http://www.tolweb.org/Mammalia

 

Animal Diversity Web 

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mammalia.html

 

Wilson & Reeder’s Mammal Species of the World

http://www.vertebrates.si.edu/msw/mswcfapp/msw/index.cfm

 

American Society of Mammalogists: Mammalian Species

http://www.mammalsociety.org/publications/mammalian-species

 

Mammalian Species pdf Site

http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/

 

National Geographic Mammals

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/

Species Scientific Name:

Species Common Name:

Species Account:

Part B. Comparison of Metatherian and Eutherian Mammal Ecology

 

Complete the table using the websites listed in Part B. Match the eutherian (placental) mammal with a similar ecological equivalent metatherian.

 

Scientific Name of Metatherian   Mammal

Common Name

Ecological Description

Eutherian Mammal Match

 

Petaurus   breviceps

 

Vombatus ursinus

 

Myrmecobius fasciatus

 

Notoryctes typhlops

 

Dasycercus cristicauda

 

Sarcophilus harrisii

 

Thylacinus   cynocephalus

List of Eutherian Mammals to Match

Peromyscus polionotus

Talpa europaea 

Glaucomys volans

Taxidea taxus

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Canis latrans

Marmota flaviventris

Part B Essay Question: What are potential hypotheses (explanations) regarding why there are ecological equivalents between many metatherians and eutherians? Discuss your hypothesis in terms of the processes that could lead to the current ecologies and distributions of metatherians and eutherians. 

Case Study Metatherian Mammals

 
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Biological Anthropology Zoo Project

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Biological Anthropology Zoo Project. Zoo project

INTRODUCTION: This assignment is designed to help you learn more about and

observe in real time some of the primates we have studied in our course, in this

case the chimpanzee. Besides your zoo visit, your final written report should

reflect thoughtful consideration of the assigned readings. The report will be based

on a description of the events in the chimp enclosure over period of 45 minutes

(minimum). Judge your time wisely and make sure to follow all the directions

presented below here. A total of 15 points may be earned IF you follow all

directions and present a well-prepared report (with ticket attached) by the

A. GRADING: Points will be awarded according to how your report covers the

following issues:

1. Describe enclosure and compare it to chimp natural habitat 3 points

 

2. Identify individual chimps as Adult Male-1; Adult Female-1; Juvenile Male-

1; Juvenile Female-1, etc. [If this is difficult, try another way to identify the

subject of your comments.] Describe at least one interaction/behavior, anything

from fast moving to just “lounging together” while grooming, etc. 5 points

3. Integrate key ideas from assigned readings* and clearly relate them to these

L.A. Zoo chimps. 5 points

4. Organize, proof read, and include a “mug shot” with admission ticket

2 points

TOTAL POINTS…15

* Required readings:

a. Review Ch. 7 (pp.167-68) and Ch. 8 (pp.180-89) for info on the primates,

in this case the chimpanzee

b. Read “The 2% Difference,” in ANNUAL EDITIONS: Physical

Anthropology 08/09 edition. See also in Discover Magazine, April 2006;

available on-line at http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/chimp-

genome.

ANNUAL EDITIONS (08/09)reference to the attendant. Make sure to read these selections before you go to the

Zoo.

B. KEEP IN MIND: When you walk up to any animal enclosure, the behavior

may appear to be erratic or random; maybe “nothing” is happening. However,

much of the behavior is patterned in response to a stimulus not necessarily evident

to us. Be patient. The best you can do is to carefully & accurately describe their

physical activity & note its context at the time. There is no magic bullet! Do your

best.

The Enclosure. If you include photos, do provide SHORT CAPTIONS. If you are

artistic, make a sketch of the enclosure and include it with your report. While there

is no ironclad page count for this project, please do not use pictures & drawings as

fillers! Your thoughts are paramount.

C. DRAFTING YOUR REPORT: After you have completed your observations,

go aside and carefully read over your notes. Are there any notable behavior

patterns, anything that indicates relationships, friendships, or pecking order? You

should draw on the physical characteristics of the chimpanzee provided in Ch. 8.

Integrate key information from the other required readings. Omit it and you will

lose points. Don’t fret; a good faith effort is what counts here.

D. ORGANIZING YOUR REPORT: A good report will be well organized

around the “Grading” topics. About four to five pages (double spaced) is

acceptable. This does NOT include your cover page, any photos, charts or maps.

Use one-inch margins and avoid “padding” with empty spaces between sections or

paragraphs. Most of all, sincere work and a true learning experience is what we

are after here. Your instructor’s “eagle eye” can spot the proverbial fluff and “b.s.”

Do a good job and shine!

 

Biological Anthropology Zoo Project

 
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Chapter 01: Cellular Biology MCQ

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Chapter 01: Cellular Biology MCQ. 11.   Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?

a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citric acid cycle

 

 

12.   A nurse is teaching the staff about the three phases of cellular catabolism. Which of the following should the nurse include?

a. Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c. S phase, G phase, and M phase
d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion

 

 

13.   A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?

a. Electron-transport chain
b. Aerobic glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis
d. Oxidative phosphorylation

 

 

14.   The faculty member asked the student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of small, electrically uncharged molecules through a semipermeable barrier. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?

a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport

 

 

15.   A nurse is teaching a patient about fluid and electrolytes. Which of the following indicates the teaching was successful regarding electrolytes? Electrolytes are:

a. Small lipid-soluble molecules
b. Large protein molecules
c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP
d. Electrically charged molecules

 

 

16.   A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:

a. Concentration of sodium
b. Plasma proteins
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Availability of membrane transporter proteins

 

 

17.   A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:

a. Osmolality
b. Osmolarity
c. Osmotic pressure
d. Oncotic pressure

 

 

18.   In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol?

a. Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
b. Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which reduces its ability to carry hemoglobin.
c. Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which allows binding of excess glucose.
d. Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which prolongs its life span beyond 120 days.

 

 

19.   A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing?

a. Hydrostatic pressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport

 

 

20.   A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?

a. Cells will become hydrated.
b. Cells will swell or burst.
c. Cells will shrink.
d. Cells will divide.

 

 

21.   A nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes how glucose is transported from the blood to the cell. What type of transport system should the nurse discuss with the patient?

a. Active-mediated transport (active transport)
b. Active diffusion
c. Passive osmosis
d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)

 

 

22.   How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?

a. By passive electrolyte channels
b. By coupled channels
c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
d. By diffusion

 

 

23.   Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?

a. Because potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF)
b. Because sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
c. Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
d. Because there is an excess of anions inside the cell

 

 

24.   The ion transporter that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?

a. Biport
b. Uniport
c. Antiport
d. Symport

 

 

25.   During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles?

a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis

 

 

26.   A nurse is teaching the staff about cholesterol. Which information should be taught? The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on:

a. Active-mediated transport
b. The antiport system
c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d. Passive transport

 

 

27.   Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic division occurs. What is this cell cycle phase called?

a. G1
b. S
c. M
d. G2

 

 

28.   What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential?

a. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
b. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
c. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.
d. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

 

 

29.   A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is –70 millivolts. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?

a. K+ rushing into the cell
b. Na+ rushing into the cell
c. Na+ rushing out of the cell
d. K+ rushing out of the cell

 

 

30.   A nurse is teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor. Which information should the nurse include? Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of:

a. Platelets
b. Epidermal cells
c. Connective tissue cells
d. Fibroblast cells

 

 

31.   The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as:

a. Anaphase
b. Telophase
c. Prophase
d. Metaphase

 

 

32.   What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?

a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development
b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle
c. Restrain cell growth and development
d. Provide nutrients for cell growth and development

 

 

33.   A biopsy of the lung bronchi revealed ciliated epithelial cells that are capable of secretion and absorption. These cells are called _____ columnar epithelium.

a. Simple
b. Ciliated simple
c. Stratified
d. Pseudostratified ciliated

 

 

34.   The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as:

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Glucose

 

 

35.   The student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying the primary function of the nerve cell as:

a. Sensory interpretation
b. Conductivity
c. Maintenance of homeostasis
d. Communication

 

 

36.   The student is studying for a pathophysiology exam and is trying to remember the definition of amphipathic. The student should choose which of the following to be correct?

a. All cells have a membrane that is composed of lipids.
b. Cells have organelles that have specialized function.
c. Molecules are polar with one part loving water and one part hating water.
d. Cells have receptor sites that other substances attach to and create additional functions.

 

 

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

 

1.   A nurse recalls that the four basic types of tissues are (select all that apply):

a. Nerve
b. Epithelial
c. Mucosal
d. Connective
e. Skeletal
f. Muscle

 

 

2.   Characteristics of prokaryotes include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

a. They contain no organelles.
b. Their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane.
c. They contain a distinct nucleus.
d. They contain histones.
e. They contain a cellular membrane.

 

 

Chapter 01: Cellular Biology MCQ

 
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