Rosenberg Company managed Westchester Manor Apartments through its on-site property manager, Judith. Manor Associates Limited Partnership, whose general partner is Westchester Manor, Ltd., owned the complex. The entry sign to the property did not reveal the owner’s name but did disclose that Rosenberg managed the property. Judith contacted Reid-Floors and requested a proposal for installing carpet in several of the units. In preparing the proposal, Reid-Floors confirmed that Rosenberg was the managing company and that Judith was its on-site property manager. Rosenberg did not inform Reid-Floors of the owner’s identity. Judith and her assistant orally ordered the carpet, and Reid-Floors installed the carpet. Reid-Floors sent invoices to the complex and received checks from “Westchester Manor Apartments.” Believing that Rosenberg owned the complex, Reid-Floors did not learn of the true owner’s identity until after the work had been completed when a dispute arose concerning the payment of some of its invoices.

a. What arguments would support Reid-Floors in recovering on the outstanding invoices from both Rosenberg and Manor Associates?

b. What arguments would limit Reid-Floors to recovering on the outstanding invoices from either Rosenberg or Manor Associates?

c. Explain what the outcome would be under (1) the Second Restatement and (2) the Third Restatement.

Efficacy of e-Cigs Do electronic cigarettes assist in helping individuals quit smoking? Researchers found 300 current smokers to volunteer for a study in which each was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Group 1 received an electronic cigarette (e-cig) in which each cartridge contained 7.2 mg of nicotine, Group 2 received an e-cig that contained 5.4 mg of nicotine, and Group 3 received an e-cig that contained no nicotine. The subjects did not know which group they were assigned. During the course of the 52-week intervention, subjects dropped out of the study. At the end of the study 65 subjects remained in Group 1, 63 in Group 2, and 55 in Group 3. After 52 weeks, it was determined via questionnaire whether the subject quit smoking entirely. Results of the study are presented in the following table.

(a) What type of experimental design was used in this study?

(b) Researchers wanted to know whether electronic cigarettes may be used to help individuals abstain from cigarette smoking. What is the response variable? Is it qualitative or quantitative?

(c) To what population do the results of this study apply?

(d) State the null and alternative hypotheses.

(e) Does the evidence suggest e-cigs are effective in helping individuals abstain from cigarette smoking?

(f) Draw a conditional bar graph by group. Explain what the graph suggests.

(g) Write a conclusion for this hypothesis test.