Enhancing Your Literature Review with Proper In-Text Citations

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Enhancing Your Literature Review with Proper In-Text Citations.

Enhancing Your Literature Review with Proper In-Text Citations

What are In-text Citations?

In-text citations are brief references to sources that you have used in your writing. They are typically placed in parentheses after the relevant text, and they provide enough information for the reader to locate the full source in your reference list.

In-text citations are important for two reasons:

  • They give credit to the authors of the sources that you have used. This is essential for academic writing, as it helps to prevent plagiarism.
  • They allow the reader to follow up on your sources and learn more about the topic.

There are different styles of in-text citations, depending on the academic discipline and the citation style guide that you are using. However, most styles follow the same basic principles.

For example, in APA style, in-text citations typically include the author’s last name and the year of publication. For direct quotations, you would also include the page number. For example:

According to Smith (2023), “climate change is the most pressing challenge facing humanity today” (p. 10).

In-text citations can also be used to summarize or paraphrase information from a source. For example:

Recent research has shown that climate change is causing more extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, and floods (Smith, 2023).

It is important to note that in-text citations should be used every time you use information from a source, whether you are quoting it directly, summarizing it, or paraphrasing it. This helps to ensure that your writing is properly documented and that you are giving credit to the authors of the sources that you have used.

Here are some additional tips for writing in-text citations:

  • Be sure to use the correct citation style for your discipline and for the assignment that you are working on.
  • Place the in-text citation immediately after the relevant text.
  • Cite all of your sources, even if you are only summarizing or paraphrasing them.
  • Use a consistent format for your in-text citations.

Why are In-text Citations Important in a Literature Review?

In-text citations are important in a literature review for the following reasons:

To give credit to the authors of the sources that you have used. A literature review is a synthesis of existing research on a particular topic, and it is important to acknowledge the contributions of the researchers who have come before you.
To support your arguments and claims. When you are writing a literature review, you are making claims about the state of the art in your field. In-text citations provide evidence to support your claims and show that you have a deep understanding of the literature.
To help readers follow up on your sources. Readers of a literature review may want to learn more about the sources that you have cited. In-text citations make it easy for readers to find the full sources, so that they can verify your claims and learn more about the topic.

Here are some specific examples of how in-text citations can be used in a literature review:

To introduce a new concept or theory:

Smith (2023) defines climate change as “a long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place.”

To summarize the findings of a study:

A recent study by Jones et al. (2022) found that climate change is causing a decline in biodiversity in coastal ecosystems.

To support a claim:

It is important to note that climate change is a complex issue, and there is still much that we do not know. However, the evidence is clear that climate change is having a significant impact on the planet (IPCC, 2021).

To compare and contrast different perspectives:

While some researchers have argued that climate change is a serious threat to human society (e.g., Smith, 2023), others have argued that the risks are exaggerated (e.g., Jones, 2022).

The Purpose of a Literature Review

 

The purpose of a literature review is to:

  • Summarize and synthesize the existing research on a particular topic. This helps to establish the current state of knowledge on the topic and identify any gaps in research.
  • Critique the existing research and identify areas of disagreement or debate. This helps to develop a critical understanding of the topic and to identify areas where further research is needed.
  • Place your own research within the context of the existing literature. This helps to justify your research questions and to demonstrate how your research contributes to the field.

Literature reviews are an essential part of any research project. They help researchers to:

  • Identify new research questions. By understanding the current state of knowledge on a topic, researchers can identify areas where further research is needed.
  • Develop their theoretical framework. Literature reviews can help researchers to identify the key theories and concepts that are relevant to their research topic.
  • Design their research methodology. Literature reviews can help researchers to identify the best methods for answering their research questions.
  • Interpret their findings. Literature reviews can help researchers to interpret their findings in the context of the existing literature.

Literature reviews are also important for communicating research findings to others. By summarizing and synthesizing the existing research, literature reviews provide a comprehensive overview of the topic and help to put new research findings into context.

Here are some specific examples of how literature reviews can be used in different types of research projects:

  • A student writing a thesis or dissertation might use a literature review to identify a research gap and to develop a research question that addresses that gap.
  • A researcher conducting a systematic review might use a literature review to identify all of the relevant research on a topic and to assess the quality of that research.
  • A policymaker might use a literature review to identify the evidence on a particular policy issue and to develop recommendations for policy change.

Understanding the Basics of In-text Citations

In-text citations are brief references to sources that you have used in your writing. They are typically placed in parentheses after the relevant text, and they provide enough information for the reader to locate the full source in your reference list.

There are different styles of in-text citations, depending on the academic discipline and the citation style guide that you are using. However, most styles follow the same basic principles.

Basic elements of in-text citations:

  • Author’s last name: The author’s last name is always included in in-text citations.
  • Publication year: The publication year is also always included in in-text citations.
  • Page number: If you are quoting directly from a source, you must include the page number in your in-text citation.

Examples of in-text citations:

  • Direct quotation:

According to Smith (2023), “climate change is the most pressing challenge facing humanity today” (p. 10).

  • Summary or paraphrase:

Recent research has shown that climate change is causing more extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, and floods (Smith, 2023).

Tips for writing in-text citations:

  • Be sure to use the correct citation style for your discipline and for the assignment that you are working on.
  • Place the in-text citation immediately after the relevant text.
  • Cite all of your sources, even if you are only summarizing or paraphrasing them.
  • Use a consistent format for your in-text citations.

If you are unsure about how to write in-text citations, you can consult a citation style guide or ask a librarian for help.

Here are some additional tips for understanding the basics of in-text citations:

  • In-text citations are not just about giving credit to the authors of the sources that you have used. They are also about providing evidence to support your claims and helping readers to follow up on your sources.
  • When you are writing an in-text citation, you should ask yourself the following questions:
    • Who is the author of the source that I am citing?
    • When was the source published?
    • What page number(s) are relevant to my argument?

Once you have answered these questions, you can write an in-text citation that provides the reader with the necessary information to locate the full source and to verify your claims.

  • In-text citations can be used to cite a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other media. However, the specific format of the in-text citation will vary depending on the type of source.

What is the Format of an In-text Citation?

The format of an in-text citation depends on the citation style you are using, such as APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), Chicago, or others. Each citation style has its own rules for formatting in-text citations. Here are examples of in-text citation formats for some common citation styles:

  1. APA Style:
    • For a paraphrase: (Author(s) Last Name, Year)
      • Example: (Smith & Johnson, 2020)
    • For a direct quotation: (Author(s) Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith & Johnson, 2020, p. 45)
  2. MLA Style:
    • For a paraphrase: (Author(s) Last Name Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith 45)
    • For a direct quotation: (Author(s) Last Name Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith 45)
  3. Chicago Style (Notes and Bibliography):
    • For a first citation: (Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title, Page Number)
      • Example: (John Smith, The Art of Writing, 78)
    • For subsequent citations: (Last Name, Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith, 78)
  4. IEEE Style (for technical and engineering disciplines):
    • For a paraphrase: [1]
    • For a direct quotation: [1, p. Page Number]
  5. Harvard Style:
    • For a paraphrase: (Author(s) Last Name Year)
      • Example: (Smith 2020)
    • For a direct quotation: (Author(s) Last Name Year, p. Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith 2020, p. 45)

Please note that these are just examples, and the specific format may vary depending on the number of authors, corporate authors, and other factors. Always consult the official style guide or the guidelines provided by your institution or publisher for the most accurate and up-to-date information on formatting in-text citations in your chosen citation style.

How to Incorporate In-text Citations in a Literature Review?

Incorporating in-text citations into a literature review effectively is crucial for providing proper credit to the original authors and supporting your own arguments with existing research. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to incorporate in-text citations in a literature review:

  1. Select Relevant Sources:
    • Begin by selecting the most relevant and credible sources that relate to your research topic. Make sure these sources contribute to the discussion and support your literature review’s objectives.
  2. Understand the Citation Style:
    • Familiarize yourself with the specific citation style required for your literature review (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Understanding the style’s rules and guidelines is essential for proper formatting.
  3. Introduce Citations with Signal Phrases:
    • Use signal phrases to introduce your in-text citations. Signal phrases help integrate the citation seamlessly into your writing. For example:
      • According to Smith and Johnson (2020),…
      • In their study, Brown et al. (2019) found that…
      • As reported by Wilson (2018),…
  4. Paraphrase and Summarize:
    • Rather than relying heavily on direct quotations, aim to paraphrase and summarize the ideas and findings from your sources in your own words. This demonstrates your understanding of the material and maintains the flow of your literature review.
  5. Incorporate Direct Quotations Sparingly:
    • While paraphrasing is encouraged, there may be instances where a direct quotation is necessary, especially when the wording of the source is crucial to your argument. When using direct quotations, enclose them in quotation marks and provide the page number (if applicable) within the in-text citation.
  6. Use Page Numbers (if required):
    • Some citation styles, like APA and MLA, require page numbers when citing direct quotations. Ensure that you include the correct page number in your citation. Example: (Smith & Johnson, 2020, p. 45).
  7. Cite Multiple Authors:
    • When citing sources with multiple authors, follow the citation style’s guidelines for formatting. For instance, in APA style, you use an ampersand (&) between authors’ names in the in-text citation: (Smith & Johnson, 2020).
  8. Be Consistent:
    • Maintain consistency in your citation style throughout your literature review. Ensure that you apply the same style to all in-text citations and that they match the entries in your reference list or bibliography.
  9. Proofread and Revise:
    • After completing your literature review, thoroughly proofread and review your in-text citations. Ensure that they are correctly formatted and that you haven’t missed any sources. Inconsistent or missing citations can harm the credibility of your work.
  10. Create a Reference List:
    • Finally, compile a reference list or bibliography at the end of your literature review that includes all the sources you cited in your text. Make sure the entries in the reference list align with your in-text citations.

Incorporating in-text citations effectively not only strengthens the validity and reliability of your literature review but also demonstrates your commitment to ethical research practices. Always consult the specific citation style guide required for your project to ensure accurate and consistent formatting.

Benefits of Using In-text Citations

Using in-text citations in your academic or research writing offers several important benefits:

  1. Credibility and Trustworthiness: In-text citations provide evidence that your work is built upon established research and scholarly sources. This demonstrates that you have conducted a thorough literature review and that your work is credible and trustworthy.
  2. Academic Integrity: Properly citing your sources is a fundamental aspect of academic integrity. It shows that you respect the intellectual property of others by giving them credit for their ideas and research. Failing to cite sources can lead to accusations of plagiarism, which can have serious consequences for your academic or professional career.
  3. Transparency: In-text citations make your writing transparent by allowing readers to easily locate and verify the sources you’ve used. This transparency enhances the quality of your work and enables others to follow your research process.
  4. Support for Your Claims: In-text citations provide support for the arguments and claims you make in your writing. When you reference relevant research, you strengthen your own arguments by showing that they are grounded in existing knowledge and data.
  5. Context and Background: Citations can provide context and background information to your readers. They may not be familiar with all the sources you’ve consulted, and in-text citations allow them to explore these sources further if they wish to delve deeper into the topic.
  6. Enhanced Reader Engagement: When you use in-text citations, you invite readers to engage with your work on a deeper level. They can follow your references to learn more about a specific point or to explore related research, which can enhance their understanding and interest in your work.
  7. Avoiding Misinformation: In-text citations help prevent the spread of misinformation. When you attribute information to its original source, you minimize the risk of perpetuating inaccurate or unreliable information.
  8. Professionalism: Using proper citations demonstrates professionalism in academic and research writing. It shows that you are aware of and adhere to the established conventions and standards of your field.
  9. Contribution to Knowledge: By acknowledging and citing previous research, you contribute to the ongoing scholarly conversation in your field. Your work becomes a part of the broader body of knowledge and can serve as a resource for future researchers.
  10. Legal and Ethical Compliance: Properly citing sources ensures that you comply with copyright laws and ethical guidelines. It protects you from legal issues related to copyright infringement and unethical research practices.

Common Styles for In-text Citations

In academic and research writing, there are several common citation styles used for formatting in-text citations. The choice of citation style often depends on your field of study, the publication you are writing for, or the preferences of your instructor. Here are some of the most common citation styles along with examples of how to format in-text citations in each style:

  1. APA Style (American Psychological Association):
    • Format: (Author(s) Last Name, Year)
    • Example for a paraphrase: (Smith & Johnson, 2020)
    • Example for a direct quotation: (Smith & Johnson, 2020, p. 45)
  2. MLA Style (Modern Language Association):
    • Format: (Author(s) Last Name Page Number)
    • Example for a paraphrase: (Smith 45)
    • Example for a direct quotation: (Smith 45)
  3. Chicago Style (Notes and Bibliography):
    • Format for the first citation: (Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title, Page Number)
      • Example: (John Smith, The Art of Writing, 78)
    • Format for subsequent citations: (Last Name, Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith, 78)
  4. IEEE Style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):
    • Format: [1]
    • Example: [1, p. 45]
  5. Harvard Style:
    • Format for a paraphrase: (Author(s) Last Name Year)
      • Example: (Smith 2020)
    • Format for a direct quotation: (Author(s) Last Name Year, p. Page Number)
      • Example: (Smith 2020, p. 45)
  6. AMA Style (American Medical Association):
    • Format: (Author(s) Last Name Year)
    • Example: (Smith 2020)
  7. CSE Style (Council of Science Editors):
    • Format: (Author(s) Last Name Year)
    • Example: (Smith 2020)
  8. AP Style (Associated Press):
    • Format: (Author(s) Last Name)
    • Example: (Smith)
  9. Vancouver Style (used in medicine and health sciences):
    • Format: [Number]
    • Example: [1]
  10. AGLC Style (Australian Guide to Legal Citation):
    • Format for cases: (Case Name [Year])
      • Example: (Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562)
    • Format for legislation: (Title Year (Jurisdiction))
      • Example: (Copyright Act 1968 (Cth))

Best Practices for Using In-text Citations

Using in-text citations effectively is essential for maintaining academic integrity and ensuring the credibility of your research. Here are some best practices for using in-text citations:

  1. Understand Your Citation Style:
    • Familiarize yourself with the specific citation style required for your project (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Understand the rules and guidelines of that style, including how to format in-text citations, as they may vary significantly.
  2. Cite All Borrowed Information:
    • Always cite sources when you use someone else’s ideas, words, data, or images, whether you’re quoting directly or paraphrasing. Failure to do so can be considered plagiarism.
  3. Include Page Numbers (if applicable):
    • If your citation style requires page numbers for direct quotations, make sure to include them. This helps readers locate the exact source of the information.
  4. Paraphrase and Summarize:
    • Whenever possible, paraphrase or summarize the information from your sources in your own words. This demonstrates your understanding of the material and helps maintain the flow of your writing.
  5. Use Direct Quotations Sparingly:
    • Reserve direct quotations for instances where the wording is crucial or when it adds significant value to your work. Overusing quotations can make your writing less engaging.
  6. Integrate Citations Seamlessly:
    • Incorporate citations smoothly into your writing. Avoid interrupting the flow of your text with overly long or disruptive citations. Use signal phrases or introductory phrases to introduce your citations.
  7. Be Consistent:
    • Maintain consistency in your citation style throughout your document. Ensure that you apply the same style to all in-text citations and that they match the entries in your reference list or bibliography.
  8. Check Authorship and Publication Year:
    • Double-check the author’s name and publication year in your in-text citations to ensure accuracy. Mistakes in authorship or dates can lead to confusion and undermine your credibility.
  9. Keep a Record of Sources:
    • As you gather research materials, maintain a well-organized record of sources, including full publication details. This will make it easier to create your reference list or bibliography later.
  10. Proofread and Edit:
    • After completing your document, carefully proofread it to ensure that all in-text citations are correctly formatted, and that you haven’t missed any sources. Inconsistent or missing citations can harm the credibility of your work.
  11. Provide Context:
    • Ensure that each in-text citation is relevant to the point you’re making in your writing. Explain how the cited source supports your argument or contributes to the discussion.
  12. Seek Clarification if Unsure:
    • If you’re unsure about how to cite a specific source or have questions about citation style, don’t hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor or consult the official style guide for your chosen citation style.
  13. Use Citation Management Tools:
    • Consider using citation management tools like Zotero, EndNote, or Mendeley to help you organize your sources, generate citations, and create reference lists more efficiently.

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Internal Controls

CMA 688 5-2

Jem Clothes, Inc., is a twenty-five-store chain concentrated in the Northeast that sells ready-to-wear clothes for young men and women. Each store has a full-time manager and an assistant manager, both of whom are paid a salary. The cashiers and sales personnel are typically young people working part-time who are paid an hourly wage plus a commission based on sales volume. The Problem 6 flowchart on page 459 depicts the flow of a sales transaction through the organization of a typical store. The company uses unsophisticated cash registers with four-part sales invoices to record each transaction. These sales invoices are used regardless of the payment type (cash, check, or bank card).
On the sales floor, the salesperson manually records his or her employee number and the transaction (clothes, class, description, quantity, and unit price), totals the sales invoice, calculates the discount when appropriate, calculates the sales tax, and prepares the grand total. The salesperson then gives the sales invoice to the cashier, retaining one copy in the sales book.
The cashier reviews the invoice and inputs the sale. The cash register mechanically validates the invoice by automatically assigning a consecutive number to the transaction. The cashier is also responsible for getting credit approval on charge sales and approving sales paid by check. The cashier gives one copy of the invoice to the customer and retains the second copy as a store copy and the third for a bank card, if a deposit is needed. Returns are handled in exactly the reverse manner, with the cashier issuing a return slip.
At the end of each day, the cashier sequentially orders the sales invoices and takes cash register totals for cash, bank card, and check sales, and cash and bank card returns. These totals are reconciled by the assistant manager to the cash register tapes, the total of the consecutively numbered sales invoices, and the return slips. The assistant manager prepares a daily reconciliation report for the store manager’s review
Cash, check, and bank card sales are reviewed by the manager, who then prepares the daily bank deposit (bank card sales invoices are included in the deposit). The manager makes the deposit at the bank and files the validated deposit slip.
The cash register tapes, sales invoices, and return slips are then forwarded daily to the central data processing department at corporate headquarters for processing. The data processing department returns a weekly sales and commission activity report to the manager for review.

Required:

a. Identify six strengths in the Jem Clothes system for controlling sales transactions.

b. For each strength identified, explain what problem(s) Jem Clothes has avoided by incorporating the strength in the system for controlling sales transactions. Use the following format in preparing your answer.

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Exploring the Top 10 Learning and Development Trends for 2023

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Exploring the Top 10 Learning and Development Trends for 2023

In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing business landscape, learning and development (L&D) have become indispensable for organizations looking to stay competitive and relevant. As we step into 2023, the field of L&D is witnessing significant transformations driven by technology, changing workforce dynamics, and a heightened focus on employee growth and well-being. In this article, we will delve into the top 10 learning and development trends for 2023 that are shaping the future of workplace learning.

1. Microlearning and Nano-Degrees

Microlearning, the practice of delivering bite-sized pieces of information and training materials, continues to gain momentum. In 2023, we can expect organizations to embrace microlearning even more. It caters to the short attention spans of modern learners and aligns with the ‘just-in-time’ learning philosophy. Alongside microlearning, the concept of nano-degrees or micro-credentials is on the rise. These mini-programs focus on specific skills or competencies, allowing employees to upskill quickly and stay relevant in their roles.

2. AI-Powered Personalization

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing L&D by enabling personalized learning experiences. AI algorithms can analyze individual learning patterns and preferences to deliver tailor-made content and recommendations. This not only enhances engagement but also boosts learning outcomes. In 2023, we can expect AI-driven learning platforms to become more sophisticated, making L&D more effective and efficient.

3. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality are no longer confined to the realms of gaming and entertainment. They are making significant inroads into corporate training. VR and AR technologies enable immersive learning experiences, particularly useful for hands-on training, simulations, and complex skill development. Expect to see more organizations incorporating VR and AR into their L&D strategies in 2023.

4. Hybrid and Remote Learning

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of remote learning, and this trend is here to stay. Even as workplaces return to some degree of normalcy, hybrid and remote work arrangements are becoming the new standard. L&D professionals must adapt by offering flexible learning solutions that cater to employees both in the office and working remotely. This involves leveraging digital tools, webinars, and virtual classrooms.

5. Emphasis on Soft Skills

While technical skills are crucial, soft skills are gaining prominence in the workplace. Skills like emotional intelligence, communication, adaptability, and problem-solving are becoming critical for success. In 2023, organizations will invest more in developing these skills through training programs and coaching to create well-rounded and resilient employees.

6. Gamification and Serious Games

Gamification, the use of game elements in non-gaming contexts, and serious games, which simulate real-world scenarios for learning, continue to be effective strategies for employee engagement. In 2023, we can expect more creative and immersive gamified learning experiences designed to make training more enjoyable and impactful.

7. Data-Driven Learning Analytics

Data is the new goldmine in L&D. Learning analytics tools gather data on employee performance and engagement, providing valuable insights for course improvement and personalized learning paths. In 2023, organizations will rely heavily on data-driven decision-making to enhance the effectiveness of their training programs.

8. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I) Training

Diversity, equity, and inclusion have moved to the forefront of corporate priorities. In 2023, organizations will invest more in DE&I training to create inclusive workplaces and foster a sense of belonging among employees. This training will encompass cultural competency, bias awareness, and other essential components of a diverse and equitable workforce.

9. Continuous Learning Culture

Learning is no longer a one-time event but an ongoing journey. In 2023, organizations will foster a culture of continuous learning, encouraging employees to take ownership of their development. This involves providing resources, mentorship, and opportunities for growth and skill acquisition.

10. Reskilling and Upskilling

As technology evolves, job roles change, and automation becomes more prevalent, reskilling and upskilling are critical. In 2023, organizations will focus on identifying skill gaps and providing training programs to help employees adapt to changing job requirements. This not only benefits employees but also ensures the organization remains competitive in a rapidly evolving landscape.

In conclusion, the learning and development landscape in 2023 is marked by innovation, personalization, and adaptability. Organizations that embrace these top 10 trends will be well-positioned to thrive in a dynamic and competitive environment. As technology continues to advance and the workforce evolves, the importance of investing in employee development cannot be overstated. It is not just a trend; it is a strategic imperative for the future success of businesses worldwide.

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Defining Entities and Data Modeling— Business Rules

Given the following business rules, construct an ER diagram so each rule is captured for the database. Presume each rule is to be treated individually. Construct an ER diagram for each rule.

a. A retail sales company prepares sales orders for its customers’ purchases. A customer can make many purchases, but a sales order is written for a single customer.

b. A retail sales company orders inventory using a purchase order. An inventory item may be ordered many times, and a purchase order may be created for more than one inventory item.

c. A company that sells antique cars prepares a sales order for each car sold. The inventory for this company consists of unique automobiles, and only one of these automobiles may be listed on a sales order.

d. A grocery store identifies returning customers via a plastic card that the clerk scans at the time of each purchase. The purpose of this card is to track inventory and to maintain a database of customers and their purchases. Obviously, a customer may purchase an unlimited number of items from the grocery store. Items are unique only by a UPC code, and each UPC code may be associated with many different customers.

e. A video rental store uniquely identifies each of its inventory items so customers can rent a movie and return the movie via a drop box, and the store can identify which copy of the movie was rented and returned. A customer is allowed to rent up to six movies at a time, but a copy of a movie can only be rented by one customer at a time.

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