Edith Mitchell, accompanied by her thirteen-year-old daughter, went through the checkout at Wal-Mart and purchased several items. As they exited, the Mitchells passed through an electronic antitheft device, which sounded an alarm. Robert Canady employed by Wal-Mart as a “people greeter” and security guard, forcibly stopped Edith Mitchell at the exit, grabbed her bag, and told her to step back inside. The security guard never touched Edith or her daughter and never threatened to touch either of them. Nevertheless, Edith Mitchell described the security guard’s actions in her affidavit as “gruff, loud, rude behaviour.” The security guard removed every item Mitchell had just purchased and ran it through the security gate. One of the items still had a security code unit on it, which an employee admitted could have been overlooked by the cashier. When the security guard finished examining the contents of Mitchell’s bag, he put it on the checkout counter. This examination of her bag took ten or fifteen minutes. Once her bag had been checked, no employee of Wal-Mart ever told Mitchell she could not leave. Mitchell was never threatened with arrest. Mitchell brought a tort action against Wal-Mart.

Elapsed Time to Earn a Bachelor’s Degree Clifford Adelman, a researcher with the Department of Education, followed a cohort of students who graduated from high school in 1992, monitoring the progress the students made toward completing a bachelor’s degree. One aspect of his research was to compare students who first attended a community college to those who immediately attended and remained at a four-year institution. The sample standard deviation time to complete a bachelor’s degree of the 268 students who transferred to a four-year school after attending community college was 1.162. The sample standard deviation time to complete a bachelor’s degree of the 1145 students who immediately attended and remained at a four-year institution was 1.015. Assuming the time to earn a bachelor’s degree is normally distributed, does the evidence suggest the standard deviation time to earn a bachelor’s degree is different between the two groups? Use the  level of significance.