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Behavior and Gender at Work Researchers wanted to determine whether individuals considered certain employee work behaviors to be required or optional. For each work behavior cited, participants rated the behavior on a scale from 1 (definitely required) to 7 (completely optional). There were a total of 41 individuals who rated the behavior, with 20 individuals rating a female employee and 21 individuals rating a male employee. The following table shows the work behavior, mean, and standard deviation for female and male employees. For example, of the 20 ratings on the female employee, the mean score for resolving conflict between coworkers was 2.50, while the mean of the 21 ratings on male employees for this behavior was 3.52. Although the sample size is small, assume the distribution of the sample mean is approximately normal for all four work behavior ratings. Conduct the appropriate test for all four work behaviors to determine if there is a difference in ratings for female versus male employees. Write a report that presents your conclusions. Source: Heilman, Madeline and Chen, Julie, “Same Behavior, Different Consequences: Reactions to Men’s and Women’s Altruistic Citizenship Behavior” Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, Vol. 90, No. 3, 431–441

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Bacteria in Hospital Carpeting Researchers wanted to determine if carpeted rooms contained more bacteria than uncarpeted rooms. To determine the amount of bacteria in a room, researchers pumped the air from the room over a Petri dish at the rate of 1 cubic foot per minute for eight carpeted rooms and eight uncarpeted rooms. Colonies of bacteria were allowed to form in the 16 Petri dishes. The results are presented in the table. A normal probability plot and boxplot indicate that the data are approximately normally distributed with no outliers. Do carpeted rooms have more bacteria than uncarpeted rooms at the  level of significance?

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At a meeting of the top managers in your company, President Anne Thompson points out that stockholders have been pressuring the organization to increase return on assets. She asks for suggestions. Four of your colleagues respond in the following manner:

• “Sales, sales, sales. You’ve got to have more revenue to increase return.”

• “Cut the expenses. How can you get a higher return if you don’t keep more of your sales dollar?”

• “Expansion! More productive assets! Growth is the way to go.”

• “No, no! Cut the assets! Sell those that will bring the best price!”

Evaluate your coworkers’ comments. Will these strategies produce a definite increase in return on assets? What are the risks and rewards of each strategy?

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Developing Staffing Policies and Procedures Humanizing Cookware is a small 50-person firm that works to help small start- ups that make kitchen gadgets improve the design of their products. The name “Humanizing Cookware” is a reflection of the firm’s unique approach to product development. Specifically, the company’s designers, called kitchen lifestyle facilita tors (KLFs), use tools and techniques from anthropology to study how people use kitchen gadgets in their homes. This means carefully observing how people cook using ethnographic techniques to uncover what their cooking experience means to them, and then using these raw data in the creation of designs that appeal to the dreams and wishes of home cooks. Although the company has avoided using standardized job descriptions, you have been able to determine that most employees spend their time either talking directly with client organizations to find polet what their needs are or conducting the studies of soup and ask them how and why they are using a specific technique, why they like carrots as an ingredient in soup, and why they cook rather than order from a res taurant. As home cooks talk, the facilitator might learn that products should focus less on convenience and more on giving the appearance of something handcrafted and personal. Then this information would be presented to a client organization that will then modify its products to bring them in line with the advice of the KLF. As the description of Humanizing Cookware might suggest, this is a rather unusual company with an artistic and free-spirited orientation to its work. Com- pany nature retreats and mindfulness meditation sessions are the norm. Structure and planning are not emphasized. But despite this unconventional approach, the company is quite successful . Few other companies can match the insights its unique anthropological approach is able to glean from home cooks. The company has little in the way of hierarchy or formal rules. This is in keeping with the culture. However, the lax policies and procedures have resulted in some very poor hiring procedures and problems with meeting legal guidelines for docu- mentation. The company’s leadership team has asked you to help them develop a set of standardized policies and procedures that will make the process of hiring new KLFs more standardized. They would like you to develop a staffing flowchart, something like the one shown in Exhibit 13.5. The process will be different, however, because there is no separate staffing services group: all responsibility is shared by the supervisors and the leadership team. They would also like to use fewer steps in the process if pos- sible. You will also want to develop a set of policies and procedures that can help all members of the organization ensure that new hires are treated in a fair and consistent manner. Information for how to develop these policies can be found in Exhibit 13.2. Once you have created a staffing flowchart and some policies, consider the fol- lowing questions: 1. How does the small size and flat structure of the company impact the flow- chart and policies you developed? 2. How does the organization’s informal culture influence the types of policies and procedures you would implement? What are the advantages and challenges such a culture poses for designing and implementing policies and procedures? 3. How would you get buy-in for a more standardized set of policies and pro- cedures in this organization? What arguments could you make that would persuade employees to follow through with the new system?

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